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4.4 The Victory of Christianity
Hi, this is the fourth part of the fourth chapter, The Victory of Christianity.
1.Theodosius,also known as Theodosius the Great was Roman Emperor from 379 to 395. He was the last emperor to rule over both the eastern and the western Empire. After his death, his two sons inherited the east and west parts respectively. The Roman Empire was never re-united until the fall of the western Empire in 476. During Theodosius’s reign, Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire. Geek and Roman temples were converted into Christian churches; the Temple of Apollo in Delphi was shut down. The last Ancient Olympic Games was held in 393, after that it was banned.
From the early first century, Christians had been persecuted for nearly 300 years, but now they started to persecute others. Theodosius banned all paganism, paganism is a term used by the early Christians for the Romans who practiced polytheism, the worship of more than one god. Christianity is monotheism, believing there is only one God, Greek and Roman religions are polytheism.
2. In 390 some rioters murdered the Roman governor in the Greek city of Thessalonica. Theodosius ordered the killing of 7,000 people there. This massacre angered the bishop of Milan Ambrose who excommunicated the emperor from his church. Excommunicate is to officially announce a person is no longer a member of the church. After several months,finally the emperor was forgiven until he did public penance for his brutal act. Penance is a form of apology for sin or wrong doing. From this incident,we can see the church sometime was even more powerful than the emperor. Let’s look at this picture; the bishop is stop the emperor going into the church.
3. Basic knowledge of Christianity
Jesus and the early Christians were Jewish people, Christianity grew out of Judaism and finally Split from it. When Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, most of Jewish people still believe Judaism like today. Christianity emerged in the mid-1st century in the Roman Empire province of Judea. By the end of the 4th century it became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Today it is the world's largest religion, with over 2.4 billion Christians, 1/3 of the global population. Christianity played a very important role in the development of the Western civilization, thus it is necessary to learn the basic knowledge of Christianity.
The Bible is the holy book of Christianity. The first part is the Old Testament, based on the Hebrew Bible. The second is the New Testament, written in the common Greek language, deals with the life and teachings of Jesus Christ as well as events in the first-century Christianity.
4. The Book of Genesis is the first book of the Old Testament. Genesis is about the beginning of the world. God creates the world in six days and rested in the seventh day. He creates the first human Adam out of "the dust of the ground" and the first woman Eve form Adam’s rib. Adam and Eve and all the animals lived peacefully in the Garden of Eden. Adam and Eve were tempted by a talking serpent to eat the forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. They became ashamed of their nakedness and God expelled them from the Garden. This is the fall of man. Adam and Eve’s disobedience to God is the original sin of human being. God punished Adam to getting what he needs only by sweat and work, and Eve to giving birth in pain.
5. This is the painting, the fall in the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo.
6. Adam and Eve’s descendants lived on the earth for ten generations. Seeing the earth was filled with violence, God decided to destroy his creation, he told Noah to build an ark in which Noah’ family together with a male and a female of all living creatures would be saved. The flood lasted for one year and 11 days. On the last day, the dove sent by Noah returned with an olive leaf. So,Noah knew the flood is over. Noah died 350 years after the flood, at the age of 950.
7. Abraham
At God's command Noah's descendant Abraham led his people migrated from his home in Mesopotamia into the land of Canaan. Canaan was an ancient region between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean, corresponding roughly to today’s Palestine and Israel. Christians believed Canaan is the Promised Land given by God to the Israelites. Abraham’s grandson Jacob's name was changed to Israel, thus his decedents were called Israelites, also called Hebrews or Jews.
8. This is the map of Abraham’s journey.
9. Moses and Exodus
Israelites migrated to Egypt and there they were enslaved. The Egyptian Pharaoh was worried that they might be a threat and ordered all newborn Hebrew boys to be killed. Pharaoh is king of Egypt. Moses was successfully hidden by his mother. God made Moses a prophet and ordered him to lead Jewish people out of Egypt. This journey back to Canaan is called Exodus. They crossed the Red Sea and reached Mount Sinai, where Moses received the Ten Commandments from the God, also called Yahweh. Ten Commandments are orders of God: to worship only God, to honor one's parents, and to keep the Sabbath, to prohibit murder, adultery, theft and dishonesty. The Sabbath is the day of not working. The Jewish Sabbath is on Saturday and the Christian Sabbath is on Sunday. This is the Statue of Moses by Michelangelo.
10. Kingdom of Israel 1050-930BC
According to the Old Testament, Saul was the first king of the Kingdom of Israel. Saul’s son David and grandson Solomon brought the Kingdom to its peak of power. When Solomon died, the country split into two kingdoms: the Kingdom of Israel in the north and the Kingdom of Judah containing Jerusalem in the south. This is the statue of David by Michelangelo.
11. When David was a young boy, he defeated a large Philistine warrior named Goliath using his weapon of sling. David hurls a stone from his sling and hits Goliath in the center of his forehead, Goliath falls on his face to the ground, and David cuts off his head, like in this painting.
12. Jesus Christ c. 4 BC – c. AD 30 / 33
The Kingdoms of Israel and Judah had been conquered by Babylonian, Persian and finally in the first century became the Roman province of Judea. Jewish revolts against Romans had been put down. The Jewish were waiting the arrival of a Messiah, a liberator who would destroy the Romans and rebuild the Kingdom of David. Jesus of Nazareth or Jesus Christ was believed to be the incarnation of God the Son and the awaited Messiah. Jesus was miraculously conceived by the Holy Spirit in Mary's womb when she was still a virgin. According to the bible, when Mary and his husband Joseph arrived in the city of Bethlehem the inn had no room and so they were offered a stable where the Child Christ was soon born.
13. Jesus was a preacher and a miracle worker. He preached a message of peace and love of God and neighbor and the imminent coming of the kingdom of Israel. Although his preaching was peaceful, he was arrested and the Roman procurator Pontius Pilate decided the Jesus posed a threat to the law and order and finally Jesus was put to death by crucifixion. And this painting is called Descent from the Cross, by Rubens.
14. This is the famous painting Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci. We can see Jesus and his Twelve Apostles, also known as the Twelve Disciples. Judas betrayed Jesus. You can see Judas is wearing green and blue and is in the shadow, He is holding a small bag, perhaps signifying the silver given to him by payment to betray Jesus, and he looked panic and turned down the saltcellar. Since the Middle Ages, Judas has been seen as the personification of the Jewish people and his betrayal has been used to justify Christian persecution of Jews. We can’t forget the Holocaust, in Geek meaning whole burnt offering. There were 6 million European Jews murdered by Nazi Germany.
15. After the death of Jesus came the resurrection, Jesus Christ coming back to life after he had been killed. Inspired by the resurrection, Jesus’s Apostles started to spread the Gospels to Asia Minor, Greece and even Rome. Gospel in Greek means "good news". There were four books called gospels in the New Testament, they told the life, death, resurrection of Jesus. Saint Paul and Saint Peter played very important role of the spreading of Christianity. Saint Paul was born c. 5 AD and died maybe 64, maybe 67, also known as Paul the Apostle although he was not one of the Twelve Apostles. He taught the gospels of the Christ to the first century world. Paul saw Christianity was not only for Jewish people but for the whole world. He took advantage of his status as both a Jew and a Roman citizen to preach to both Jewish and Roman audiences. Saint Peter born ca. 1 and died between 64 to 68, was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, also known as Simon. He was a leader of the early Christian Great Church. Peter was crucified in Rome under Emperor Nero. He was crucified upside down at his own request, since he saw himself unworthy to be crucified in the same way as Jesus Christ. He is traditionally counted as the first Bishop of Rome or pope.
16.Let’s look at the key words: Adam and Eve, Moses and Exodus, Jesus Christ, resurrection,Gospels.
This is the end of fourth part of the fourth chapter, The Victory of Christianity.
返回《History of Western Civilization 全英文西方文明史》慕课在线视频列表
Hi This is the fourth part of
the fourth chapter
The Victory of Christianity
Theodosius the first
also known as Theodosius the Great
was Roman Emperor from 379 to 395
He was the last emperor
eastern and the western Empire
After his death his two sons
inherited the east
and west parts respectively
The Roman Empire was never reunited
until the fall of the
western Empire in 476
During Theodosius’s reign
Christianity became the official
religion of the Roman Empire
Geek and Roman temples were converted
into Christian churches
The Temple of Apollo
in Delphi was shut down
The last Ancient Olympic Games
was held in 393
after that it was banned
From the early first century
Christians had been
persecuted for nearly 300 years
but now they started to persecute others
Theodosius banned all paganism
Paganism is a term
used by the early Christians
for the Romans who practiced polytheism
the worship of more than one god
Christianity is monotheism
believing there is only one God
Greek and Roman religions are polytheism
In 390 some rioters
murdered the Roman governor
in the Greek city of
Thessalonica
Theodosius
ordered the killing of 7000 people there
This massacre angered the bishop
of Milan Ambrose
who excommunicated
the emperor from his church
Excommunicate is to officially announce
a person is no longer
a member of the church
After several months
finally the emperor was forgiven
until he did public penance
for his brutal act
Penance is a form of
apology for sin or wrong doing
From this incident we can see
the church sometime was even more
powerful than the emperor
Let’s look at this painting
The bishop is stopping the emperor
from going into the church
Jesus and the early
Christians were Jewish people
Christianity grew out of
Judaism and finally Split from it
When Christianity became the
official religion of the Roman Empire
most of Jewish people
still believe Judaism like today
Christianity emerged
in the mid-1st century
in the Roman Empire
province of Judea
By the end of the 4th century
it became the official state
religion of the Roman Empire
Today it is the world’s largest religion
with over 2 point 4 billion Christians
1/3 of the global population
Christianity played
a very important role
in the development
of the Western civilization
Thus it is necessary to learn the
basic knowledge of Christianity
The Bible is the holy book
of Christianity
The first part of it is
the Old Testament
based on the Hebrew Bible
The second is the New Testament
written in the common Greek language
deals with the life
and teachings of Jesus Christ
as well as events
in the first century Christianity
The Book of Genesis is the first book
of the Old Testament
Genesis is about the
beginning of the world
God creates the world in six days
and rested in the seventh day
He created the first human Adam
out of the dust of the ground
and the first woman
Eve form Adam’s rib
Adam and Eve and all the
animals lived peacefully
in the Garden of Eden
Adam and Eve were tempted
by a talking serpent
to eat the forbidden fruit
from the tree of knowledge
of good and evil
They became ashamed
of their nakedness
and God expelled them
from the Garden
This is the fall of man
Adam and Eve’s disobedience to God
is the original sin of human being
God punished Adam to getting
what he needs
only by sweat and work
and Eve to giving birth in pain
This is the painting the fall in the
Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo
Adam and Eve’s descendants
lived on the earth for ten generations
Seeing the earth was
filled with violence
God decided to destroy his creation
He told Noah
to build an ark
in which Noah’s family
together with a male and a female
of all living creatures would be saved
The flood lasted
for one year and 11 days
On the last day
the dove sent by Noah
returned with an olive leaf
So Noah knew the flood is over
Noah died 350 years after the flood
at the age of 950
At God’s command
Noah’s
descendant Abraham
led his people migrated
from his home in Mesopotamia
into the land of Canaan
Canaan was an ancient region
between the Jordan River
and the Mediterranean
corresponding roughly to today’s
Palestine and Israel
Christians believed
Canaan is the Promised Land
given by God to the Israelites
Abraham’s grandson Jacob’s name
was changed to Israel
thus his decedents were called
Israelites
and also called Hebrews or Jews
This is the map of Abraham’s journey
Moses and Exodus
Israelites migrated to Egypt
and there they were enslaved
The Egyptian Pharaoh was worried
that they might be a threat
and ordered all newborn
Hebrew boys to be killed
Pharaoh is
king of Egypt
Moses was successfully
hidden by his mother
God made Moses a prophet
and ordered him to lead
Jewish people out of Egypt
This journey back to Canaan
is called Exodus
They crossed the Red Sea
and reached Mount Sinai
where Moses received
the Ten Commandments
from the God also called Yahweh
Ten Commandments are orders of God
to worship only God
to honor one’s parents
and to keep the Sabbath
to prohibit murder
adultery theft and dishonesty
The Sabbath is the day of not working
The Jewish Sabbath is on Saturday
and the Christian Sabbath is on Sunday
This is the Statue of Moses
by Michelangelo
According to the Old Testament
Saul was the first king
of the Kingdom of Israel
Saul’s son David and grandson Solomon
brought the Kingdom to its peak of power
When Solomon died the country
split into two kingdoms
the Kingdom of Israel in the north
and the Kingdom of Judah
containing Jerusalem in the south
This is the statue of David
by Michelangelo
When David was a young boy
he defeated a large Philistine
warrior named Goliath
using his weapon of sling
David hurls a stone from his sling
and hits Goliath
in the center of his forehead
Goliath falls on his face to the ground
and David cuts off his head
Like in this painting
The Kingdoms of Israel and Judah
had been conquered by Babylonian Persian
and finally in the first century
became the Roman province of Judea
Jewish revolts against Romans
had been put down
The Jewish were waiting
the arrival of a Messiah
a liberator who would destroy the Romans
and rebuild the Kingdom of David
Jesus of Nazareth
or Jesus Christ
was believed to be the incarnation
of God the Son
and the awaited Messiah
Jesus was
miraculously conceived
by the Holy Spirit in Mary’s
womb when she was still a virgin
According to the Bible
when Mary and his husband Joseph arrived
in the city of Bethlehem
the inn had no room
so they were offered a stable
where the Child Christ
was soon born
Jesus was a preacher
and a miracle worker
He preached a message of peace
and love of God and neighbor
and the imminent coming
of the kingdom of Israel
Although his preaching was peaceful
He was arrested
and the Roman
procurator
Pontius Pilate decided the Jesus
posed a threat to the law and order
and finally Jesus was put
to death by crucifixion
And this painting is called Descent
from the Cross by Rubens
This is the famous painting Last Supper
by Leonardo da Vinci
We can see Jesus and his Twelve Apostles
also known as the Twelve Disciples
Judas betrayed Jesus
You can see Judas
is wearing green
and blue and is in the shadow
He is holding a small bag
perhaps
signifying the silver given to him
by payment to betray Jesus
and he looked panic and
turned down the saltcellar
Since the Middle Ages
Judas has been seen as the
personification of the Jewish people
and his betrayal has been used
to justify Christian persecution of Jews
We can’t forget the Holocaust
in Geek meaning whole burnt offering
There were 6 million European Jews
murdered by Nazi Germany
After the death of Jesus
came the resurrection
Jesus Christ coming
back to life after he had been killed
Inspired by the resurrection
Jesus’s Apostles started to spread
the Gospels
to Asia Minor
Greece and even Rome
Gospel in Greek means good news
There were four books called gospels
in the New Testament
They told the life death
resurrection of Jesus
Saint Paul and Saint Peter
played very important role
of the spreading of Christianity
Saint Paul was born c 5 and died
maybe 64 maybe 67
also known as Paul the Apostle
although he was not one of the
Twelve Apostles
He taught the gospels of the Christ
to the first century world
Paul saw Christianity was
not only for Jewish people
but for the whole world
He took advantage of his status
as both a Jew
and a Roman citizen to preach
to both Jewish and Roman audiences
Saint Peter born ca 1
and died between 64 to 68
was one of the Twelve
Apostles of Jesus Christ
also known as Simon
He was a leader of the
early Christian Great Church
Peter was
crucified in Rome under the Emperor Nero
He was crucified upside down
at his own request
since he saw himself unworthy
to be crucified
in the same way as Jesus Christ
He is traditionally counted as the first
Bishop of Rome or pope
Let’s look at the key words
Adam and Eve
Moses and Exodus
Jesus Christ
Resurrection
Gospels
This is the end of fourth part
of the fourth chapter
Victory of Christianity
-1.0 Introduction
--1.0.3 Exercises
-1.1 Greek Bronze Age and Dark Age
--1.1.3 Exercises
-1.2 Greek Gods
--1.2.3 Exercises
-1.3 Archaic Greece
--1.3.3 Exercises
-1.4 Athens and the Persian Wars
--1.4.3 Exercises
-1.5 Discussion
-2.1 War and politics in the fifth century BC
--2.1.3 Exercises
-2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC
--2.2.3 Exercises
-2.3 Classical Greek Philosophy
--2.3.3 Exercises
-2.4 Athenian Drama
--2.4.3 Exercises
-2.5 Alexander the Great and Hellenistic World
--2.5.3 Exercises
-2.6 Discussion
-3.1 Roman Kingdom
--3.1.3 Exercises
-3.2 Early Republic
--3.2.3 Exercises
-3.3 Mid-Republic
--3.3.3 Exercises
-3.4 Late-Republic
--3.4.3 Exercises
-3.5 End of the Republic
--3.5.3 Exercises
-3.6 Discussion
-4.1 Pax Romana 1
--4.1.3 Excecises
-4.2 Pax Romana 2
--4.2.3 Excecises
-4.3 Crisis of the Third Century and Constantine
--4.3.3 Excecises
-4.4 The Victory of Christianity
--4.4.3 Exercises
-4.5 The Fall of the Roman Empire
--4.5.3 Exercises
-4.6 Discussion
-5.1 Early Middle Ages
--5.1.3 Excecises
-5.2 Carolingian Dynasty
--5.2.3 Excecises
-5.3 High Middle Ages
--5.3.3 Excecises
-5.4 Late Middle Ages 1
--5.4.1 Excecises
-5.5 Late Middle Ages 2
--5.5.3 Excecises
-5.6 Discussion
-6.1 The Renaissance
--6.1.3 Exercises
-6.2 Protestant Reformation
--6.2.3 Exercises
-6.3 Italian Wars and Rise of Russia
--6.3.3 Exercises
-6.4 Age of Discovery
--6.4.3 Exercises
-6.5 French War of Religion and Russia’s Time of Trouble
--6.5.3 Exercises
-6.6 Discussion
-7.1 The Thirty Years War
--7.1.3 Exercises
-7.2 English Revolution
--7.2.3 Exercises
-7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs
--7.3.3 Exercises
-7.4 Dutch Golden Age
--7.4.3 Exercises
-7.5 Science and Culture in the 17th Century
--7.5 Text
--7.5.3 Exercises
-7.6 Discussion
-8.1 The United Kingdom
--8.1.3 Exercises
-8.2 The American Revolution
--8.2.3 Exercises
-8.3 The French Revolution
--8.3.3 Exercises
-8.4 Age of Enlightenment
--8.4.3 Exercises
-8.5 West after the 18th century
--8.5.3 Exercises
-8.6 Discussion