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3.5 End of Republic 63-27BC
This is the last part of the Chapter Three End of Republic
1. Pompey (106-48BC) and Crassus (ca 115-53BC) were both protégés of Sully. We mentioned patronage was the relationship between a patron and their clients. Patron was a man of wealth and influence; he protected and sponsored his clients, client also called protégé. Pompey’s father was consul in 89 BC, a military commander supported Sulla against Marius. In 87 BC after death of his father, twenty-year-old Pompey inherited his father’s estates and legions. He won reputation by leading his legions fighting successfully in Africa and Spain. He returned to Rome in 70 BC and united with another ambitious commander Crassus. Crassus won popularity by suppressing slave uprising led by Spartacus. Crassus was powerful and rich, he once said: "No one should be called rich who is not able to maintain an army on his income." In 66 BC Pompey was sent to fight Mithridates, the king of Pontus in Asia. In 63 BC Pompey not only conquered Mithridates but also Armenia, Syria and Palestine.
When Pompey was extending the Roman territories in Asia, at home Crassus allied with Julius Caesar, a young man from one of most ancient patrician Roman family. They successfully blocked Pompey’s candidate Catiline to be elected consul in 63 BC. We know Cicero was elected that year and he thwarted a plot to assassinate him and overthrowing the Republic led by Catiline.
2. When Pompey returned, he disbanded his army and asked the Senate grant land to his veterans but that was refused. He soon formed an alliance with Crassus and Caesar which was called the First Triumvirate, Triumvirate in Latin means “three men”.
3. Julius Caesar (100 – 44 BC) played a critical role in the events that led to the end of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Imperial Rome. Caesar is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history. Caesar was born into a patrician family, a descent from the legendary Trojan prince Aeneas. His aunt Julia married Marius. During the civil war between Marius and Sulla, when Marius controlled Rome Caesar was nominated Pontifex Maximus, the highest priest of Jupiter. But when Sulla became the winner Caesar was persecuted. He left Rome and joined the army and returned until the death of Sulla. Caesar formed the first Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus. The three of them had enough money and influence to control political power, Pompey married Caesar's daughter Julia. In 59 BC Caesar was elected consul. He was appointed governor of provinces of today’s northern Italy, southeastern Europe and southern France. When his consulship ended, Caesar quickly left for his provinces and from there he started the famous Gallic Wars.
4. Gaul was a region of Western Europe inhabited by Celtic tribes, including today’s France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine.
Caesar’s Gallic Wars against the Celtic tribes started from 58 BC and finished in 50 BC with a complete Roman victory. The territory of the Roman Republic expanded over the whole area of Gaul. He even made two expeditions into Britain, this was the first time Roman army crossed the English Straight. The Gallic wars paved the way for Julius Caesar to become the sole ruler of the Roman Republic. Caesar’s successful campaigns won his popularity at home. In 53 Crassus died during fighting in Syria, leaving Pompey and Caesar to challenge each other for the supreme power.
5. In 49 BC under the influence of Pompey the Senate ordered Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome because his term as governor had finished.
Crossing the Rubicon
Rubicon is a shallow river in northeastern Italy. That is Rubicon. On January10, 49 BC Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon River which marked the start of another Roman Civil War between Caesar and the Roman Senate supported by Pompey. Today cross the Rubicon means make an important decision which cannot be changed and which will have very important consequences. Caesar was a leader of Populares, the Senate and Pompey represented the interests of the Optimates. After crossed the Rubicon Caesar led his legion marched on Rome.
6. Julius Caesar was received as a hero. He was appointed dictator. To celebrate his Triumphs, gladiator contests and beast-hunts involving 400 lions were held. At The Circus Maximus Caesar ordered two armies of war captives fight to the death. Each army has 2,000 soldiers, 200 horses, and 20 elephants. The Circus Maximus in Rome was a stadium for chariot-racing which could have 150,000 spectators. When Caesar returned, Pompey escaped and in 48 BC. Caesar defeated Pompey in north Greece. Pompey fled to Egypt, and Caesar pursued Pompey to Alexandria.
7. Cleopatra
Pompey was murdered by an officer of the Egyptian King Ptolemy XIII. At that time in Egypt a civil war was going on between King Ptolemy XIII and his sister, wife, and co-regent, Queen Cleopatra VII. Greek historian Plutarch told a story in his biography of Caesar: Cleopatra was bound inside a bed sack to be smuggled into the palace to meet Caesar in Alexandria. Caesar sided with Cleopatra and defeated Ptolemy's army and installed Cleopatra as the sole ruler. Caesar and Cleopatra never married, because Roman law prohibited a marriage with a non-Roman citizen, but they had a son, the only son of Caesar.
8. Seeking absolute Power
From 59-44BC, Caesar was consul four times. He enlarged the Senate to 900 members. Caesar proposed the Julian calendar which took effect on January1, 45 BC. It became the dominate calendar in the west until in 1582 Pope Gregory XIII proposed the Gregorian calendar.
In 46 BC, he was appointed dictator for ten years. In February 44 BC he already elected consul together with his general Mark Antony, but this was not enough to him. He made himself dictator for life. This was too much for some senators. Caesar was assassinated by a group of 60 senators led by Longinus and Brutus on March 15 as he arrived at the Senate. He was stabbed 23 times.
9. This is the assassination of Caesar
10. The second Triumvirate. The assassination turned Rome into civil war again. Mark Antony, Caesars’s another general Lepidus and Caesar’s grandnephew and adopted son Octavian formed the second Triumvirate. In 42 BC Octavian and Antony defeated the armies of Longinus and Brutus who assassinated Caesar. After that Antony took command of Asia, Lepidus took Africa and Octavian took Italy and the west. The three of them soon started fighting each other. Lepidus' legions in Sicily defected to Octavian and Lepidus himself was forced to retire. He was given the honorable title of Pontifex Maximus, the highest priest of Jupiter. Mark Antony became lover of Cleopatra of Egypt and in 31 BC the united army of Antony and Cleopatra was defeated by Octavian at the battle of Actium in Greece. Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide, and after the death of Cleopatra, Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire.
12. Octavian. On January 16, 27 BC the Senate gave Octavian the new titles of Augustus and Princeps. Augustus in Latin means "venerable","majestic","superior "; Princeps means the first citizen. This marked the end of Roman Republic and the beginning of Roman Empire; Octavian became the first Roman Emperor.
13. Now let’s look at the Key words: Julius Caesar, Crossing the Rubicon, First Triumvirate, Cleopatra, Second Triumvirate.
14. Questions:
This is the finish of the chapter three. We have three Questions:
1. How Rome was founded according to the myths?
2. What is the structure of the Roman Republic government?
3. How the civil wars ended the Roman Republic?
This is the finish of the chapter three.
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This is the last part of the Chapter Three
The End of Republic
Pompey and Crassus were
both proteges of Sully
We mentioned patronage
was the relationship
between a patron and their clients
Patron was a man of wealth and influence
He protected and sponsored his clients
Client also called protege
Pompey’s father was a consul in 89 BC
a military commander supported
Sulla against Marius
In 87 BC after death of his father
20 year old Pompey inherited
his father’s estates and legions
He won reputation by leading his legions
fighting successfully in Africa and Spain
He returned to Rome in 70 BC
and united with another ambitious
commander Crassus
Crassus won popularity
by suppressing slave uprising
by suppressing slave uprising
led by Spartacus
Crassus was powerful and rich
He once said
No one should be called rich
who is not able to maintain
an army on his income
In 66 BC Pompey was
sent to fight Mithridates
the king of Pontus in Asia
In 63 BC Pompey not only
conquered Mithridates
but also Armenia Syria and Palestine
When Pompey was extending the
Roman territories in Asia
at home Crassus allied with Julius Caesar
a young man from one of most ancient
patrician Roman family
They successfully blocked
Pompey’s candidate Catiline
to be elected consul in 63 BC
we know Caesar was elected that year
and he thwarted a plot to assassinate him
and overthrowing
the Republic led by Catiline
When Pompey returned
he disbanded his army
and asked the Senate grant land
to his veterans
but that was refused
He soon formed an alliance
with Crassus and Caesar
which was called the First Triumvirate
Triumvirate in Latin means three men
Julius Caesar played a critical role
in the events
that led to the end of the Roman Republic
and the rise of the Imperial Rome
Julius Caesar is considered
one of the greatest military
commanders in history
Caesar was born into a patrician family
a descent from the legendary
Trojan prince Aeneas
His aunt Julia married Marius
During the civil war
between Marius and Sulla
when Marius controlled Rome
Caesar was nominated Pontifex Maximus
the highest priest of Jupiter
But when Sulla became the winner
Caesar was persecuted
He left Rome and joined the army
and returned until the death of Sulla
Caesar formed the first Triumvirate
with Pompey and Crassus
The three of them had enough money
and influence
to control political power
Pompey married Caesar’s daughter Julia
In 59 BC Caesar was elected consul
He was appointed governor of provinces
of today’s northern Italy southeastern Europe
and southern France
When his consulship ended
Caesar quickly left for his provinces
and from there he started the famous Gallic Wars
and from there he started the famous Gallic Wars
Gaul was a region of Western Europe
inhabited by Celtic tribes
including todays France Luxembourg Belgium
most of Switzerland Northern Italy
as well as the parts of the
as well as the parts of the
Netherlands and Germany
on the west bank of the Rhine
Caesar’s Gallic Wars against the Celtic tribes
started from 58 BC and finished in 50 BC
with a complete Roman victory
The territory of the Roman Republic
erxpanded over the whole area of Gaul
He even made two expeditions into Britain
This was the first time Roman army
crossed the English Straight
The Gallic wars paved the way
for Julius Caesar
to become the sole ruler
of the Roman Republic
Caesar’s successful campaigns won
his popularity at home
In 53 Crassus died during fighting in Syria
Leaving Pompey and Caesar
to challenge each other
for the supreme power
In 49 BC under the influence of Pompey
the Senate ordered Caesar to disband his army
and return to Rome
because his term as governor had finished
Rubicon is a shallow river in northeastern Italy
That is Rubicon
On January 10 49 BC Julius Caesar
crossed the Rubicon River
which marked the start of
another Roman Civil War
between Caesar and the Roman Senate
supported by Pompey
Today crossing the Rubicon means
make an important decision
which cannot be changed
and which will have
very important consequences
Caesar was a leader of Populares
The Senate and Pompey represented
the interests of the Optimates
After crossed the Rubicon
Caesar led his legion marched on Rome
Julius Caesar was received as a hero
He was appointed dictator
To celebrate his Triumphs
gladiator contests and beast hunts
involving 400 lions were held
At The Circus Maximus Caesar ordered
two armies of war captives
fighting to the death
Each army has 2000 soldiers
200 horses and 20 elephants
The Circus Maximus in Rome was a stadium
for chariot racing which could have
150000 spectators
When Caesar returned
Pompey escaped
and in 48 BC Caesar defeated
Pompey in north Greece
Pompey fled to Egypt and Caesar pursued
Pompey to Alexandria
Pompey was murdered
by an officer of the
Egyptian King Ptolemy XIII
At that time in Egypt
a civil war was going on
between King Ptolemy XIII
and his sister wife and
co-regent Queen Cleopatra VII
Greek historian Plutarch told a story
in his biography of Caesar
Cleopatra was bound inside a bed sack
to be smuggled into the palace
to meet Caesar in Alexandria
Caesar sided with Cleopatra
and defeated Ptolemy’s army
and installed Cleopatra as the sole ruler
Caesar and Cleopatra never married
because Roman law prohibited a marriage
with a non-Roman citizen
but they had a son the only son of Caesar
From 59 to 44BC Caesar was consul four times
He enlarged the Senate to 900 members
Caesar proposed the Julian calendar
which took effect on January 1 45 BC
It became the dominate calendar in the west
until in 1582 Pope Gregory XIII proposed
the Gregorian calendar
In 46 BC he was appointed
dictator for ten years
In February 44 BC he already elected consul
together with his general Mark Antony
but this was not enough to him
He made himself dictator for life
This was too much for some senators
Caesar was assassinated by
a group of 60 senators
led by Longinus and Brutus on March 15
as he arrived at the Senate
He was stabbed 23 times
This is the assassination of Caesar
The assassination turned
Rome into civil war again
Mark Antony Caesar’s
another general Lepidus
and Caesar’s grandnephew
and adopted son Octavian
formed the second Triumvirate
In 42 BC Octavian
and Antony defeated the armies
of Longinus and Brutus who
assassinated Caesar
assassinated Caesar
After that Antony took command of Asia
Lepidus took Africa and
Octavian took Italy and the west
The three of them soon started
fighting each other
Lepidus’ legions in Sicily
defected to Octavian
and Lepidus himself was forced to retire
He was given the honorable title
of Pontifex Maximus
the highest priest of Jupiter
Mark Antony became lover
of Cleopatra of Egypt
And in 31 BC the united army
of Antony and Cleopatra
was defeated by Octavian
at the battle of Actium in Greece
Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide
and after the death of Cleopatra
Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire
On January 16 27 BC the Senate
gave Octavian the new titles
of Augustus and Princeps
Augustus in Latin means
venerable majestic superior
Princeps means the first citizen
This marked the end of Roman Republic
and the beginning of Roman Empire
Octavian became the first Roman Emperor
Now let’s look at the Key words
Julius Caesar
Crossing the Rubicon
First Triumvirate
Cleopatra
Second Triumvirate
This is the finish of the chapter three
We have three Questions
1 How Rome was founded according to the myths
2 What is the structure of the
Roman Republic government
3 How the civil wars ended the Roman Republic
This is the finish of the chapter three
-1.0 Introduction
--1.0.3 Exercises
-1.1 Greek Bronze Age and Dark Age
--1.1.3 Exercises
-1.2 Greek Gods
--1.2.3 Exercises
-1.3 Archaic Greece
--1.3.3 Exercises
-1.4 Athens and the Persian Wars
--1.4.3 Exercises
-1.5 Discussion
-2.1 War and politics in the fifth century BC
--2.1.3 Exercises
-2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC
--2.2.3 Exercises
-2.3 Classical Greek Philosophy
--2.3.3 Exercises
-2.4 Athenian Drama
--2.4.3 Exercises
-2.5 Alexander the Great and Hellenistic World
--2.5.3 Exercises
-2.6 Discussion
-3.1 Roman Kingdom
--3.1.3 Exercises
-3.2 Early Republic
--3.2.3 Exercises
-3.3 Mid-Republic
--3.3.3 Exercises
-3.4 Late-Republic
--3.4.3 Exercises
-3.5 End of the Republic
--3.5.3 Exercises
-3.6 Discussion
-4.1 Pax Romana 1
--4.1.3 Excecises
-4.2 Pax Romana 2
--4.2.3 Excecises
-4.3 Crisis of the Third Century and Constantine
--4.3.3 Excecises
-4.4 The Victory of Christianity
--4.4.3 Exercises
-4.5 The Fall of the Roman Empire
--4.5.3 Exercises
-4.6 Discussion
-5.1 Early Middle Ages
--5.1.3 Excecises
-5.2 Carolingian Dynasty
--5.2.3 Excecises
-5.3 High Middle Ages
--5.3.3 Excecises
-5.4 Late Middle Ages 1
--5.4.1 Excecises
-5.5 Late Middle Ages 2
--5.5.3 Excecises
-5.6 Discussion
-6.1 The Renaissance
--6.1.3 Exercises
-6.2 Protestant Reformation
--6.2.3 Exercises
-6.3 Italian Wars and Rise of Russia
--6.3.3 Exercises
-6.4 Age of Discovery
--6.4.3 Exercises
-6.5 French War of Religion and Russia’s Time of Trouble
--6.5.3 Exercises
-6.6 Discussion
-7.1 The Thirty Years War
--7.1.3 Exercises
-7.2 English Revolution
--7.2.3 Exercises
-7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs
--7.3.3 Exercises
-7.4 Dutch Golden Age
--7.4.3 Exercises
-7.5 Science and Culture in the 17th Century
--7.5 Text
--7.5.3 Exercises
-7.6 Discussion
-8.1 The United Kingdom
--8.1.3 Exercises
-8.2 The American Revolution
--8.2.3 Exercises
-8.3 The French Revolution
--8.3.3 Exercises
-8.4 Age of Enlightenment
--8.4.3 Exercises
-8.5 West after the 18th century
--8.5.3 Exercises
-8.6 Discussion