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2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC
1. In this century the Geek world changed from city-states to a Macedonian Empire. The most important events including: Spartan hegemony, the fall of Sparta, Theban hegemony and the Rise of Macedonia kingdom. From 404 BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, nearly 80 years brutal wars never stopped in the Greek world. Not only had the armies of city-state fought in the war, professional Mercenary armies also joined. They fought for anyone who was able to pay. They could be troublemakers, if not paid they could fight the state which hired them.
2. Spartan hegemony
In ancient Greece hegemony means the political and military dominance of a city-state over other city-states. The dominant state is the hegemon. The Chinese translation made it a derogatory term, thus got negative meaning, similar to bully or tyrant. In English it has no negative meaning.
After conquered by Sparta in 404 BC, Athens changed from democracy to oligarchy, ruled by a group of pro-Spartan people, the Thirty Tyrants led by Critias, a former pupil of Socrates; Critias has been described as “the first Robespierre” because of his cruelty and inhumanity. The Thirty Tyrants killed 1,500 democratic leaders, exiled 5,000 and confiscated their property. They maintained power for eight months until the exiles recaptured the city and rebuilt the democracy. The Thirty Tyrants were executed or expelled.
After conquering Athens, Sparta became a hegemon, tried to build a new empire. But Spartan imperialism was extremely unpopular. We know Persian had helped Sparta to win the Peloponnesian War. To pay back Sparta returned the Greek Ionian cities in Asia Minor to Persians. This caused great shock and anger across the whole Greek world. A new alliance including Athens, Corinth, Argos and Thebes was formed to challenge Sparta.
3. Theban hegemony
Thebes was a city located northeast of Sparta. In 371BC, Sparta invaded Thebes but lost the war. Next year Thebes invaded the Peloponnesus, this area called Peloponnesus. First they took Messenia, the source of Spartan wealth. They conquered Sparta, destroyed its military power. Sparta never recovered. Thebes filled the power vacuum left by Sparta but Theban hegemony was short-lived. When the fighting between Greek city states made all of them exhausted, another power from north, Macedonia is just rising and ready to prey.
The rise of Macedon
Before the 4th century BC, Macedonia was a small kingdom located in the north-east of the Greek mainland. It was on the buffer zone between the barbarians to the north and the Greek mainland to the south. The Macedonians spoke a Greek dialect and identified themselves with Greek culture.
4. Philip II was a great king born in 382 BC. When he was 14 years old, Philip was held as a hostage in Thebes for 4 year, he received military and diplomatic education there. He took the throne became king of Macedon in 359 BC at the age of 23. After a series of successful military campaigns against northern barbarians, Philip turned south to conquer the Greek cities one by one. Before his death the majority of Greece city states were under Macedonian control. The Macedonian army was brutal. Before attacking Sparta, he sent Spartans a message: “You are advised to submit without further delay, for if I bring my army into your land, I will destroy your farms, slay your people, and raze your city.”
5. The army of Macedonian Kingdom was one of the greatest military forces of the ancient world. It was created by King Philip II. By introducing military service as a full-time occupation, Philip was able to train his army regularly. In a short time he built a strong and effective army. He improved the traditional Greek phalanx by introducing the use of a much longer spear, and a smaller and lighter shield. This gave soldiers many advantages both in attack or defense. The Macedonian army included the heavy infantry phalanx, skirmish infantry, archers, light and heavy cavalry. In the battle they cooperated and supported each other. And like all the military powers of that time Macedonia also hired mercenary armies.
In 338 BC Philip defeated an alliance of some of the Greek city-states led by Athens and Thebes. After that he created The League of Corinth, a federation of Greek states. This made Philip II could deploy the entire Greek armies in his war against Persia. The first council of the League was held in Corinth that is why historians called it the League of Corinth. It was the first time most of the Greek states managed to unite into a single political entity. Philip was the leader called hegemon. Members of the League agreed never to wage war against each other and they would unite their army, under the leadership of Philip, to conquer the Persian Empire, to punish them for their invasion of the Greek world one and half century ago and its constant armed intervention in the wars between the Greek city states.
One day in October 336 BC, at Aegae, the ancient capital of Macedonia, Philip was assassinated by one of his bodyguards when he was entering into the city’s theatre to celebrate his daughter’s wedding. He was succeeded by his 20 year old son Alexander the Great, the great king who created one of the largest empires of the ancient world by the age of thirty.
6. Key words: Hegemony, the Thirty Tyrants, Theban hegemony, The League of Corinth, Philip II of Macedon
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This is the second part of Chapter 2
Greece in the fourth century BC
In this century
the Geek world changed
from city states to a Macedonian Empire
The most important events
including
Spartan hegemony
the fall of Sparta
Theban hegemony
Rise of Macedonia kingdom
From 404 BC
to the death of Alexander the Great
in 323 BC
nearly 80 years brutal wars
never stopped in the Greek world
Not only had the armies of city states
fought in the war
Professional Mercenary armies
also joined the fighting
They fought for anyone
who was able to pay
They could be troublemakers
If they were not paid
they could fight the state
which hired them
In ancient Greece
hegemony means the political
and military dominance
of a city state over other city states
The dominant state is the hegemon
The Chinese translation
made it a derogatory term
thus got negative meaning
similar to bully or tyrant
In English it has no negative meaning
After conquered by Sparta in 404BC
Athens changed
from democracy to oligarchy
ruled by a group of pro-Spartan people
the Thirty Tyrants
Thirty Tyrants
led by
Critias
a former pupil of Socrates
Critias has been described as the first
Robespierre
Robespierre
because of his cruelty and inhumanity
The Thirty Tyrants killed
1500 democratic leaders
exiled 5000 and confiscated
their property
They maintained power for eight months
until the exiles
recaptured the city
and rebuilt the democracy
The Thirty Tyrants were executed
or expelled
After conquering Athens
Sparta became a hegemon
tried to build a new empire
But Spartan imperialism was
extremely unpopular
We know Persian had helped Sparta
To pay back Sparta returned the
Greek Ionian cities
in Asia Minor to Persians
This caused great shock and anger
across the whole Greek world
A new alliance including
Athens Corinth Argos
and Thebes was formed to
challenge Sparta
Theban hegemony
Thebes was a city northeast of Sparta
In 371BC
Sparta invaded Thebes but lost the war
Next year Thebes invaded the
Peloponnesus
This area called Pelopnnesus
First they took Messenia
they have conquered Sparta
destroyed its military power
Sparta never recovered
Thebes filled the power
vacuum left by Sparta
but Theban hegemony was short lived
When the fighting
between Greek city states
made all of them exhausted
another power from north
Macedonia
is just rising and ready to prey
That is Macedon
Before the 4th century BC
Macedonia was a small kingdom
located in the north east
of the Greek mainland
It was on the buffer zone
between the barbarians to the north
and the Greek mainland to the south
The Macedonians spoke
a Greek dialect
and identified themselves
with Greek culture
Philip II was a great king
born in 382 BC
When he was 14 years old
Philip was held as a
hostage in Thebes for 4 years
He received military and diplomatic
education there
He took the throne became
king of Macedon
in
359 BC at the age of 23
After a series of successful
military campaigns
against northern barbarians
Philip turned south to conquer the
Greek cities
one by one
Before his death
the majority of Greece city states
were under Macedonian control
The Macedonian army was brutal
Before attacking Sparta
he sent Spartans a message
You are advised
to submit without further delay
For if I bring
my army into your land
I will destroy your farms
slay your people and raze your city
The army of Macedonian Kingdom
was one of the greatest
military forces of the ancient world
It was created by King Philip II
By introducing military service
as a full time occupation
Philip was able to
train his army regularly
In a short time he built
a strong and effective army
He improved the traditional
Greek phalanx
by introducing the use of a
much longer spear
and a smaller and lighter shield
This gave soldiers many advantages
both in attack or defense
The Macedonian army included
the heavy infantry phalanx
skirmish infantry archers
light and heavy cavalry
In the battle they cooperated
and supported each other
And like all the military
powers of that time
Macedonia also hired
mercenary armies
In 338 BC Philip defeated an alliance
of some of the
Greek city states led by Athens
and Thebes
After that he created
The League of Corinth
a federation of Greek states
This made Philip II
could deploy the entire Greek armies
in his war against Persia
The first council of the League
was held in Corinth
That is why historians called it
the League of Corinth
It was the first time
most of the Greek states
managed to unite
into a single political entity
Philip was the leader called hegemon
Members of the League agreed
never to wage ware
against each other
and they would unite their army
under the leadership of Philip
to conquer the Persian Empire
to punish them for their invasion
of the Greek world
one and half century ago
and its constant armed intervention
in the wars between the Greek
city states
One day in October
336 BC at Aegae
the ancient capital of Macedonia
Philip was assassinated
by one of his bodyguards
when he was entering
into the city’s theatre
to celebrate his
daughter’s wedding
He was succeeded
by his 20 year old son
Alexander
The Great king
who created one of the largest empires
of the ancient world
by the age of thirty
Let us look at key words
Hegemony
The Thirty Tyrants
Theban hegemony
The League of Corinth
Philip II of Macedon
This is the second part
hope you can study the key words
-1.0 Introduction
--1.0.3 Exercises
-1.1 Greek Bronze Age and Dark Age
--1.1.3 Exercises
-1.2 Greek Gods
--1.2.3 Exercises
-1.3 Archaic Greece
--1.3.3 Exercises
-1.4 Athens and the Persian Wars
--1.4.3 Exercises
-1.5 Discussion
-2.1 War and politics in the fifth century BC
--2.1.3 Exercises
-2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC
--2.2.3 Exercises
-2.3 Classical Greek Philosophy
--2.3.3 Exercises
-2.4 Athenian Drama
--2.4.3 Exercises
-2.5 Alexander the Great and Hellenistic World
--2.5.3 Exercises
-2.6 Discussion
-3.1 Roman Kingdom
--3.1.3 Exercises
-3.2 Early Republic
--3.2.3 Exercises
-3.3 Mid-Republic
--3.3.3 Exercises
-3.4 Late-Republic
--3.4.3 Exercises
-3.5 End of the Republic
--3.5.3 Exercises
-3.6 Discussion
-4.1 Pax Romana 1
--4.1.3 Excecises
-4.2 Pax Romana 2
--4.2.3 Excecises
-4.3 Crisis of the Third Century and Constantine
--4.3.3 Excecises
-4.4 The Victory of Christianity
--4.4.3 Exercises
-4.5 The Fall of the Roman Empire
--4.5.3 Exercises
-4.6 Discussion
-5.1 Early Middle Ages
--5.1.3 Excecises
-5.2 Carolingian Dynasty
--5.2.3 Excecises
-5.3 High Middle Ages
--5.3.3 Excecises
-5.4 Late Middle Ages 1
--5.4.1 Excecises
-5.5 Late Middle Ages 2
--5.5.3 Excecises
-5.6 Discussion
-6.1 The Renaissance
--6.1.3 Exercises
-6.2 Protestant Reformation
--6.2.3 Exercises
-6.3 Italian Wars and Rise of Russia
--6.3.3 Exercises
-6.4 Age of Discovery
--6.4.3 Exercises
-6.5 French War of Religion and Russia’s Time of Trouble
--6.5.3 Exercises
-6.6 Discussion
-7.1 The Thirty Years War
--7.1.3 Exercises
-7.2 English Revolution
--7.2.3 Exercises
-7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs
--7.3.3 Exercises
-7.4 Dutch Golden Age
--7.4.3 Exercises
-7.5 Science and Culture in the 17th Century
--7.5 Text
--7.5.3 Exercises
-7.6 Discussion
-8.1 The United Kingdom
--8.1.3 Exercises
-8.2 The American Revolution
--8.2.3 Exercises
-8.3 The French Revolution
--8.3.3 Exercises
-8.4 Age of Enlightenment
--8.4.3 Exercises
-8.5 West after the 18th century
--8.5.3 Exercises
-8.6 Discussion