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6.2 Protestant Reformation
Hi, this is the second part of this chapter, Protestant Reformation.
1. The Protestant Reformation was a movement to reform and purify the Catholic Church, it was also a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers. It was called Protestant because their protest against Roman Catholic Church. The Reformation started by the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517 and lasted until the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. The result of the movement was the creation of many Christian denominations collectively known as Protestants. Denomination is a particular religious group which has slightly different beliefs from other groups within the same faith. Protestant denominations include Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Baptist, Methodist, Evangelical and many others. Protestants is the second largest form of Christianity today which has more than 900 million followers, nearly 40% of all Christians.
2. The sale of Indulgence
Hundred years ago in Bohemia, the predecessor or the protestant reform Jan Hus had already condemned the abuse of indulgences. In the teaching of the Catholic Church, an indulgence is a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins in purgatory. Purgatory is the place where Roman Catholics believe the spirits of dead people are sent to suffer for their sins before they go to heaven. In 1516, Pope Leo X chose Prince Albert of Brandenburg to sell indulgences to raise money in order to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Albert hired the Dominican friar Johann Tetzel to sell. A friar is a member of one of several Catholic religious orders, orders is a group. This painting shows the Pope as the Antichrist, signing and selling indulgences.
3. Martin Luther was a Christian priest and professor of theology at Wittenberg University. Wittenberg is a town in Saxony. Saxony and Brandenburg are neighboring states, all within the Holy Roman Empire. On 31 October 1517, Luther sent the Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power of Indulgences to Prince Albert of Brandenburg. He may have also posted these theses on the door of All Saints' Church in Wittenberg. This day was considered the start of the Reformation and commemorated annually as Reformation Day. In these theses he attacked indulgence and their sale. Luther argued that indulgences led Christians to believe that the punishment for sins could be reduced by buying an indulgence, but this led them to avoid truly inner spiritual repentance and sorrow for sin. Repentance is feeling sorry for something wrong that you have done. Luther argued indulgences also discouraged Christians from giving to the poor and performing other acts of mercy.
4. The spread of Luther’s reformation ideas
Luther’s theses were quickly reprinted, translated, and distributed throughout Germany and Europe. He started a movement. We know printing was a Chinese innovation; it spread into Europe during the 14th century. In the late 15th century printing appeared in Germany. Luther’s German translation of the Bible, his theses and other books soon spread out. The Lutheranism first spread into Denmark, Sweden and Norway where it remained dominant religion today. And Huldrych Zwingli brought reformed religion to Zurich. In 1520, the Pope warned Luther with the papal bull, order of Pope. Luther publicly burnt the bull and finally he was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on 3 January 1521.
Luther’s marriage. In 1523 Luther married Katharina von Bora, she was one of 12 nuns Luther had helped escape a convent. The protestant priests could marry. In the Catholic Church there is a principle called celibacy, priest are not allowed to marry or have sex. But there are many sex scandals of the Catholic Church today and in the history. Alexander VI, the pope from 1492 to 1503 had many mistresses and at least 4 illegitimate children.
5. Martin Luther’s Faith
1, Let’s look at Martin Luther’s faith, the first one is Justification by faith alone.
He believed true salvation came from faith in God’s kindness, sin could not be washed away by penance and it could not be forgiven by indulgence.
2, Sola scripture, in Latin means by scripture alone. God’s words were in the Bible, reading and understanding the Bible was the only way to faith and salvation.
3, Priesthood of all believers. The Catholic Pope and their ministers played the role of parent to the people in spiritual matters. But Luther believed all believers are equal in God’s eyes, they must stand alone before God. They should seek forgiveness directly from God rather than from a church priest speaking in God’s name.
6. Geneva and Calvin 1509-1564
This is John Calvin, John Calvin was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation. A pastor is a member of the clergy in some churches, especially Protestant churches. He converted to Lutheranism at the age of 20. That time Protestants were persecuted by French king. Calvin fled France and came to Geneva. The Calvinist church was a self-governing institute, independent of the state. Some historians believed Calvinism was theocracy, a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God. Calvin emphasized the doctrine of predestination. He believed that people have no control over their fate because everything has already been decided by God. Those who were predestined to damnation were obliged to be governed. The 12 elders from the Geneva church had enormous political power; they enforced strict Calvinist moral code to all aspects of life. Adultery were severely suppressed, prostitutes were expelled from the city.
7. This is Michael Servetus, was a Spanish theologian and scientist who first discovered the circulation of the blood. He was also a protestant and Renaissance humanist persecuted by the Catholic Church. He criticize Calvin’s concept of predestination. When he came to Geneva, he was burnt at the stake for heresy by order of the city's governing council which was controlled by Calvin. In the name of God the Protestants protested against the Catholic Church but now in the name of God again Calvin murdered a freethinking humanist and scientist. This was horrible.
8. English Reformation
Let’s look at the English kings during the Hundred Years War and after.
So we can start at Edward III from the House of Plantagenet and after that his grandson, Richard II became a new king. Actually, Edward III got three sons. The first one is called the Edward, the Black Prince. The second one, John, Duke of Lancaster
the first generation of the house of Lancaster, and the family symbol was a red rose. another son Edmund, Duke of York, was the first generation of the house of York, and its symbol was a white rose.
So after Richard II, the king from this family, Family of the Lancaster, Henry IV, V and VI.
9. The War of Roses 1455-1485. Let’s look at The War of Roses from1455 to 1485, and this is after the Hundred years war. There was a war of Roses, a series of civil wars between these two family, the House of Lancaster and the House of York..
Henry VI belongs to the house of Lancaster. When he became king he was only eight month old. The Hundred Years War was still going on. He ruled for 39 years from 1422 to 1461. He was timid, shy and mentally unstable. During his reign England gradually lost nearly all of the territories in France. In 1461 He was defeated by Edward of York, who became the new King. In 1465 Henry VI was captured by Edward in 1465 held captive in the Tower of London. Edward IV died in 1483. His two sons disappeared after being sent to the Tower of London. Some people suspected Edward’s younger brother Richard murdered them. Richard became king and ruled from 1483-1485 and was killed by Henry Tudor.
So you can see, that’s the Henry VI and after that Edward IV and Richard III and Henry Tudor. Henry Tudor was the first one from The House of Tudor.
10. Henry Tudor, also called Henry VII 1485-1509, was the first king from The House of Tudor. To make his claim to the throne legitimate, Henry VII married Elizabeth of York. This house originally from Wales. It ruled England, Wales and Ireland from 1485 until 1603. It had 5 monarchs: Henry VII. 1485-1509,Henry Ⅷ. 1509–1547, Edward VI 1547-1553, Mary I 1553-1558, Elizabeth I 1558-1603.
Henry Ⅷ 1491 – 1547, this is the Henry VIII, was the second Tudor monarch, son of Henry VII. He was King of England from 1509 to 1547. Look at his protruding codpiece. This is called codpiece It is so funny, right? That called codpiece, a piece of material worn by men in the 15th and 16th centuries to cover their genitals. He was a large man likes hunting and wrestling bout (bout means contest), he once wrestled with king Francis I of France.
11. Henry start reformation
Henry continually faced financial problem due to his personal extravagance as well as his numerous costly and largely unsuccessful wars with Francis I of France and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, as he sought to enforce his claim to the throne of France. During his reign, Wales integrated into the English crown. He was also the first English monarch to rule as King of Ireland.
Henry is best known for his six marriages. Before the last marriage, his 5 wives, 3 annulled, 1 died, 1 beheaded. Annulled means it is declared invalid. The Catholic Church does not permit divorce, but church can declared the marriage null, so that legally it is considered never to have existed.
Henry’s first wife Catherine of Aragon was the daughter of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon, and aunt of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. that time the papacy was controlled by Charles. Catherine had only one girl Mary survived and henry wanted a boy. And then his lover Anne, the possible next wife was pregnant. Henry believed it must be a boy. But his annulment was refused by the Pope. He couldn’t wait.
In 1533, Thomas Cranmer, the archbishop of Canterbury annulled the marriage. The Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. A Lutheran service was introduced. This is the start of the English Reformation. Henry became the supreme head of the Church of England and owner of its vast wealth. Henry and Anne married and had a girl, the future Queen Elisabeth.
13. This is Sir Thomas More 1478 – 1535, a councilor to Henry. He was also a social philosopher and Renaissance humanist famous for his book Utopia, published in 1516, about the political system of an imaginary, ideal island nation. More opposed the Protestant Reformation and the king's separation from the Catholic Church. He was convicted of treason and beheaded.
14. The second English reformation.
When Henry died, his nine-year-old son, Edward VI became the new king. He ruled from 1547-1553. The reformation continued and the Catholics were repressed. The next monarch was Mary I, the daughter of Henry’s first wife Catherine. She was the first queen to rule England. Like her mother she was a Catholic and she wanted to bring England back to Catholic. She reestablished papal sovereignty. Thomas Cranmer and other three bishops were burned alive for heresy, 8000 Protestant fled the country. This is the reason she was called "Bloody Mary" by Protestants. When she died her half-sister Elizabeth I became new Queen, she was the last monarch of the house of Tudor ruled from 1558 to1603. Under her reign the country returned to Protestants. This was the second English reformation.
15. Let’s look at the key words from this part: Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther, War of Roses, House of Tudor, Henry Ⅷ of England
This is the second part of Chapter six, Protestant Reformation.
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Hi this is the second part of this chapter
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was a movement
to reform and purify the Catholic Church
It was also a schism in Western Christianity
initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Zwingli
John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers
It was called Protestant
because their protest against Roman Catholic Church
The Reformation started by the publication
of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517
and lasted until the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648
The result of the movement
was the creation of many Christian denominations
collectively known as Protestants
Denomination is a particular religious group
which has slightly different beliefs from other groups
within the same faith
Protestant denominations include Lutheran
Calvinist Anglican Baptist Methodist Evangelical
and many others
Protestants is the second largest form of Christianity today
which has more than 900 million followers
nearly 40% of all Christians
The sale of indulgence
Hundred years ago in Bohemia
the predecessor of the protestant reform Jan Hus
had already condemned the abuse of indulgences
In the teaching of the Catholic Church
an indulgence is a way to reduce the amount of punishment
one has to undergo for sins in purgatory
Purgatory is the place where Roman Catholics believe
the spirits of dead people are sent to suffer for their sins
before they go to heaven
In 1516 Pope Leo X chose Prince Albert of Brandenburg
to sell indulgences to raise money
in order to rebuild St Peter's Basilica in Rome
Albert hired the Dominican friar Johann Tetzel to sell
A friar is a member of one of several Catholic religious orders
Order is a group
This painting shows the Pope as the Antichrist
signing and selling indulgences
Martin Luther was a Christian priest
and professor of theology at Wittenberg University
Wittenberg is a town in Saxony
Saxony and Brandenburg are neighboring states
all within the Holy Roman Empire
On 31 October 1517
Luther sent Ninety-five Theses
or Disputation on the Power of Indulgences
to Prince Albert of Brandenburg
He may have also posted these theses
on the door of All Saints' Church in Wittenberg
This day was considered the start of the Reformation
and commemorated annually as Reformation Day
In these theses he attacked indulgence and their sale
Luther argued that indulgences led Christians to believe
that the punishment for sins could be reduced
by buying an indulgence
but this led them to avoid truly inner spiritual repentance
and sorrow for sin
Repentance is feeling sorry
for something wrong that you have done
Luther argued indulgences also discouraged Christians
from giving to the poor and performing other acts of mercy
Luther’s theses were quickly reprinted
translated and distributed throughout Germany and Europe
He started a movement
We know printing was a Chinese innovation
It spread into Europe during the 14th century
In the late 15th century printing appeared in Germany
Luther’s German translation of the Bible
his theses and other books soon spread out
The Lutheranism first spread into Denmark Sweden and Norway
where it remained dominant religion today
And Huldrych Zwingli brought reformed religion to Zurich
in 1520 the Pope warned Luther
with the papal bull order of Pope
Luther publicly burnt the bull
and finally he was excommunicated
by Pope Leo X on 3 January 1521
Luther’s marriage
In 1523 Luther married Katharina von Bora
She was one of 12 nuns Luther had helped escape a convent
The protestant priests could marry
In the Catholic Church
there is a principle called celibacy
priests are not allowed to marry or have sex
But there are many sex scandals of the Catholic Church
today and in the history
Alexander VI the pope from 1492 to 1503
had many mistresses and at least 4 illegitimate children
Let’s look at Martin Luther’s faith
the first one Justification by faith alone
He believed true salvation came from faith in God’s kindness
Sin could not be washed away by penance
and it could not be forgiven by indulgence
Second Sola scripture
in Latin means by scripture alone
God’s words were in the Bible
Reading and understanding the Bible
was the only way to faith and salvation
Third Priesthood of all believers
The Catholic Pope and their ministers
played the role of parent to the people in spiritual matters
But Luther believed all believers are equal in God’s eyes
They must stand alone before God
They should seek forgiveness directly from God
rather than from a church priest
speaking in God’s name
This is John Calvin
John Calvin was a French theologian pastor and reformer
in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation
A pastor is a member of the clergy in some churches
especially Protestant churches
He converted to Lutheranism at the age of 20
That time Protestants were persecuted by French king
Calvin fled France and came to Geneva
The Calvinist church was a self-governing institute
independent of the state
Some historians believed Calvinism was theocracy
a system of government
in which priests rule in the name of God
Calvin emphasized the doctrine of predestination
He believed people have no control over their fate
because everything has already been decided by God
Those who were predestined to damnation
were obliged to be governed
The 12 elders from the Geneva church
had enormous political power
They enforced strict Calvinist moral code to all aspects of life
Adultery were severely suppressed
Prostitutes were expelled from the city
This is Michael Servetus
a Spanish theologian and a scientist
who first discovered the circulation of the blood
He was also a protestant and Renaissance humanist
persecuted by the Catholic Church
He criticize Calvin’s concept of predestination
When he came to Geneva
he was burnt at the stake for heresy
by order of the city's governing council
which was controlled by Calvin
In the name of God the Protestants
protested against the Catholic Church
but now in the name of God again
Calvin murdered a freethinking humanist and scientist
This was horrible
Let’s look at the English kings
during the Hundred Years War and after
So we can start from Edward III
from the House of Plantagenet
and after that his grandson Richard II
became a new king
Actually Edward III got three sons
The first one is called the Edward the Black Prince
The second one John Duke of Lancaster
the first generation of the house of Lancaster
and the family symbol is a red rose
Another son Edmund Duke of York
the first generation of the house of York
and its family symbol is white rose
After Richard II
the king from this family
Family of the Lancaster
Henry IV V and VI
Let’s look at The War of Roses from1455 to 1485
And this is after the Hundred years war
There was a war of Roses
a series of civil war between these two family
the House of Lancaster and the House of York
Henry VI belongs to the house of Lancaster
When he became king
he was only eight-month-old
The Hundred Years War was still going on
He ruled for 39 years
He was timid shy and mentally unstable
During his reign
England gradually lost nearly all of the territories in France
In 1461 he was defeated by Edward of York
who became the new King
In 1465 Henry VI was captured by Edward in 1465
held captive in the Tower of London
Edward IV died in 1483
His two sons disappeared
after being sent to the Tower of London
Some people suspected
Edward’s younger brother Richard murdered them
Richard became king and ruled from 1483-1485
and was killed by Henry Tudor
So you can see
that’s the Henry VI
and after that Edward IV
and Richard III
and Richard III
and Henry Tudor
Henry Tudor was the first one from The House of Tudor
Henry Tudor also called Henry VII
was the first king from The House of Tudor
To make his claim to the throne legitimate
Henry VII married Elizabeth of York
This house originally from Wales
It ruled England Wales and Ireland from 1485 until 1603
It had 5 monarchs
Henry VII and Henry VIII Edward VI
and Mary I and Elizabeth I
Henry VIII
This is the Henry VIII
was the second Tudor monarch
son of Henry VII
He was King of England from 1509 to 1547
Look at his protruding codpiece
This is called codpiece
It is funny right
That called codpiece
a piece of material worn by men in the 15th and 16th centuries
to cover their genitals
He was a large man likes hunting and wrestling bout
Bout means contest
He once wrestled with King Francis I of France
Henry started reformation
Henry continually faced financial problem
due to his personal extravagance
as well as his numerous costly and largely unsuccessful wars
with Francis I of France
and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
as he sought to enforce his claim to the throne of France
During his reign Wales integrated into the English crown
He was also the first English monarch
to rule as King of Ireland
Henry is best known for his six marriages
Before the last marriage
his 5 wives 3 annulled 1 died 1 beheaded
Annulled means it is declared invalid
The Catholic Church does not permit divorce
but church can declare the marriage annulled
so that legally it is considered never to have existed
Henry’s first wife Catherine of Aragon
was the daughter of Isabella of Castile
and Ferdinand of Aragon
the aunt of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
That time the papacy was controlled by Charles
Catherine had only one girl Mary survived
and Henry wanted a boy
And then his lover Anne
the possible next wife was pregnant
Henry believed it must be a boy
But his annulment was refused by the Pope
He couldn’t wait
In 1533 Thomas Cranmer the archbishop of Canterbury
annulled the marriage
The Church of England broke away
from the authority of the Pope
and the Roman Catholic Church
A Lutheran service was introduced
This is the start of the English Reformation
Henry became the supreme head of the Church of England
and owner of its vast wealth
Henry and Anne married and had a girl
the future Queen Elisabeth
This is Sir Thomas More a councilor to Henry
He was also a social philosopher
and Renaissance humanist
famous for his book Utopia published in 1516
about the political system
of an imaginary ideal island nation
More opposed the Protestant Reformation
and the king's separation from the Catholic Church
He was convicted of treason and beheaded
The second English reformation
When Henry died
his nine-year-old son Edward became the new king
He ruled from 1547-1553
The reformation continued
and the Catholics were repressed
The next monarch was Mary I
the daughter of Henry’s first wife Catherine
She was the first queen to rule England
Like her mother she was a Catholic
and she wanted to bring England back to Catholic
She reestablished papal sovereignty
Thomas Cranmer and other three bishops
were burned alive for heresy
8000 Protestant fled the country
This is the reason she was called
Bloody Mary by Protestants
When she died
her half-sister Elizabeth I became new Queen
She was the last monarch of the house of Tudor
ruled from 1558 to1603
Under her reign the country returned to Protestants
This was the second English reformation
let’s look at the key words from this part
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther
War of Roses
House of Tudor
Henry Ⅷ of England
This is the second part of Chapter six
Protestant Reformation
-1.0 Introduction
--1.0.3 Exercises
-1.1 Greek Bronze Age and Dark Age
--1.1.3 Exercises
-1.2 Greek Gods
--1.2.3 Exercises
-1.3 Archaic Greece
--1.3.3 Exercises
-1.4 Athens and the Persian Wars
--1.4.3 Exercises
-1.5 Discussion
-2.1 War and politics in the fifth century BC
--2.1.3 Exercises
-2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC
--2.2.3 Exercises
-2.3 Classical Greek Philosophy
--2.3.3 Exercises
-2.4 Athenian Drama
--2.4.3 Exercises
-2.5 Alexander the Great and Hellenistic World
--2.5.3 Exercises
-2.6 Discussion
-3.1 Roman Kingdom
--3.1.3 Exercises
-3.2 Early Republic
--3.2.3 Exercises
-3.3 Mid-Republic
--3.3.3 Exercises
-3.4 Late-Republic
--3.4.3 Exercises
-3.5 End of the Republic
--3.5.3 Exercises
-3.6 Discussion
-4.1 Pax Romana 1
--4.1.3 Excecises
-4.2 Pax Romana 2
--4.2.3 Excecises
-4.3 Crisis of the Third Century and Constantine
--4.3.3 Excecises
-4.4 The Victory of Christianity
--4.4.3 Exercises
-4.5 The Fall of the Roman Empire
--4.5.3 Exercises
-4.6 Discussion
-5.1 Early Middle Ages
--5.1.3 Excecises
-5.2 Carolingian Dynasty
--5.2.3 Excecises
-5.3 High Middle Ages
--5.3.3 Excecises
-5.4 Late Middle Ages 1
--5.4.1 Excecises
-5.5 Late Middle Ages 2
--5.5.3 Excecises
-5.6 Discussion
-6.1 The Renaissance
--6.1.3 Exercises
-6.2 Protestant Reformation
--6.2.3 Exercises
-6.3 Italian Wars and Rise of Russia
--6.3.3 Exercises
-6.4 Age of Discovery
--6.4.3 Exercises
-6.5 French War of Religion and Russia’s Time of Trouble
--6.5.3 Exercises
-6.6 Discussion
-7.1 The Thirty Years War
--7.1.3 Exercises
-7.2 English Revolution
--7.2.3 Exercises
-7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs
--7.3.3 Exercises
-7.4 Dutch Golden Age
--7.4.3 Exercises
-7.5 Science and Culture in the 17th Century
--7.5 Text
--7.5.3 Exercises
-7.6 Discussion
-8.1 The United Kingdom
--8.1.3 Exercises
-8.2 The American Revolution
--8.2.3 Exercises
-8.3 The French Revolution
--8.3.3 Exercises
-8.4 Age of Enlightenment
--8.4.3 Exercises
-8.5 West after the 18th century
--8.5.3 Exercises
-8.6 Discussion