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5.4. Late Middle Ages 1. 1250-1500
Hi, this is the 4th part of chapter 5—The Late Middle ages 1. Let’s talk about the crisis of the Late Middle Ages.
1. Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
The late Middle Ages from 1250-1500 is really a terrible time. A series of terrible events happened. They were called the crisis of the Late Middle Ages. The population of Europe boomed during the High Middle Ages and reached around 100 million. But after these crises Europe lost half of its population. The Medieval Warm Period ended, followed by the Little Ice Age. The colder temperature and a great number of devastating floods disrupted harvests and caused mass famine. The Black Death took at least one third of lives in Europe. This period was full of wars. There were international wars like the Hundred Years' War between France and England and many Civil Wars like Wars of the Roses in England. There were also religious troubles; the Western Schism damaged the reputation of the Catholic Church.
2. Holy Roman Empire
Since Otto was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962, the Ottonian dynasty ruled Germany and the later Holy Roman Empire from 919 until 1024. Then four kings from the Salian dynasty Conrad II, Henry III, Henry IV, and Henry V ruled the empire from 1024 to 1125. We know both Henry III and Henry IV were involved in the power struggles with papacy which called the Investiture controversy. The next dynasty the House of Staufen ruled from 1155 to 1250. Its first Emperor was Frederick Barbarossa, Barbarossa in Italian means "red beard". You can see from here. You can see the red beard. He ruled for 45 years. He challenged papal authority and sought to establish German predominance in Western Europe. He sent six expeditions trying to control northern Italy. In 1190 Frederick died in Asia Minor while leading an army in the Third Crusade.
3. The great Interregnum
Interregnum, that means there was no king. From 1250 to 1312 the Holy Roman Empire had no emperor. This is called the great Interregnum. Interregnum is the time during which a throne is vacant. There were two other times, 1378–1433 and 1437–1452. These two times also had no emperor.
Disintegration and decentralization of the empire.
After the separation of the Charlemagne’s Empire, the Capetian dynasty started from Hugh Capet ruled the western part and gradually formed a united kingdom of France. In the Eastern part since Otto was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962, the Ottonian dynasty ruled until 1024. In the High and Late Middle Ages the disintegration and decentralization continued.
4. It was not a united nation but rather a weakening union or collection of territories. There were some large Kingdoms such as the kingdom of Germany, the kingdom of Bohemia, and the kingdom of Italy, kingdom of Burgundy, and also Duchy of Bavaria. In the western part of the Empire there were 1,600 autonomous principalities, free towns, and bishoprics. A principality is a country that is ruled by a prince, a bishopric is the area under the supervision of a bishop.
5. The House of Luxembourg
From thirteenth century, four big families competed for the power within the empire: Habsburg, Luxembourg, Wittelsbach and Anjou.
The House of Luxembourg ruled as King of the Romans and Holy Roman emperors from 1308 to 1437. They also held the title as Duke of Luxembourg, King of Bohemia, Hungary and Poland. Their rule was twice interrupted by the rival House of Wittelsbach. From this map we can see Luxembourg, Bohemia, and Brandenburg.
6. Charles IV 1316-1378
Charles IV was from the House of Luxembourg. His grandfather Henry was Count of Luxembourg and Holy Roman Emperor. Henry had arranged the marriage of his son John and the heiress of Bohemia thus John became the king of Bohemia. Bohemia is the area of western part of today’s Czech Republic. Today Bohemian also means artistic people who live in an unconventional way. John’s son Charles IV succeeded his father as king of Bohemia in 1346. In1355 he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Charles IV’s time was a Golden Age of Bohemia.
7. He was born in Prague, and he had French education. He was a fluent in Latin, Czech, German, French, and Italian. He wrote his own autobiography. He made many efforts to make Prague a culture center by combining French and Czech traditions. He invited then 23 year old German-Bohemian architect Peter Parler to build St. Vitus Cathedral, a masterpiece of Gothic architecture. He also founded the University of Prague known as Charles University. There was a literary renaissance in both Latin and Czech during his time. He initiated the Czech translation of the Bible. His reign was the Golden Age of Bohemia.
Golden Bull
The Holy Roman Emperor should be crowned by the Pope. They first should be elected king of Romans, actually the German king. In 1356 Charles IV issued the Golden Bull, formally defined election proceedings. It was named the Golden Bull for the golden seal it carried. The kings were elected by seven Prince-electors including three bishops and four secular noblemen.
8. This is the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague
9. Jan Hus c. 1369 – 1415
Unexpectedly Charles’s interests in the Czech culture inspired a generation of political and religious reformers during the reign of his son Sigismund, king of Germany, Bohemia and Hungary and the Holy Roman Emperor. The leader of the movement was Jan Hus, a Czech theologian, Catholic priest, and rector (president) of the Charles University. Hus was the predecessor of the future Protectant Reformation led by Martin Luther. His followers were called Hussites. They openly conflicted with the powerful German-speaking minority, and they also challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church. They condemned the indulgences. In the teaching of the Catholic Church, an indulgence is a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins in purgatory. Purgatory is the place where Roman Catholics believe the spirits of dead people are sent to suffer for their sins before they go to heaven. At late Middle Ages the corrupted Catholic Church encouraged people to buy the indulgence. Selling indulgence became a way to collect money.
In 1415 during the Council of Constance held by the Catholic Church, Jan Hus, was sentenced to be burnt at the stake as a heretic, a person who holds beliefs in conflict with the dogma of the Roman Catholic Church. After the execution of Hus the Catholic Church launched five papal crusades against the followers of Hus, forced the Bohemians to defend themselves. This war was called the Hussite Wars. The fighting ended after 1434, the Hussites agreed to submit to the authority of the King of Bohemia and the Roman Catholic Church, and were allowed to some degree of freedom of religion. Most of Bohemia remained Hussite through the fifteenth century.
10. This painting showed Hus was burnt at the stake as a heretic in 1415
11. Hapsburg
The House of Habsburg also called House of Austria was one of the most influential royal houses of Europe. They held the throne of the Holy Roman Empire from 1452 until it dissolved in 1806. Habsburg was name of a Castle built in the 1020s in present-day Switzerland by Count Radbot, the ancestor of the family. In the late thirteenth century, Count of Habsburg Rudolph moved the family's power base to Austria. He became King of Germany and Duke of Austria. Hapsburg ruled Austria until 1918.
In 1453 Frederick III became the first Holy Roman Emperor of the House of Habsburg. Besides Austria, through a series of dynastic marriages Hapsburg acquired the throne of Spain, Bohemia, and Hungary; they also controlled Burgundy, Netherlands and other territories. The house of Hapsburg now was ruling a multinational empire of Europe.
12. From this map we can see the dominion of the Habsburg 1547. We can see Austria, Spain, Burgundy, Netherlands, Bohemia, Bavaria and Hungary and Italy.
13. Key words: Crisis of the Late Middle Ages, Charles IV, Bohemia, Jan Hus, Hapsburg
This is the end of the 4th part of chapter 5.
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Hi this is the 4th part of chapter 5
The Late Middle ages 1
Let’s talk about
the crisis of the Late Middle Ages
The late Middle Ages from 1250-1500
is really a terrible time
A series of terrible events happened
They were called
the crisis of the Late Middle Ages
The population of Europe boomed
during the High Middle Ages
and reached around 100 million
But after these crises
Europe lost half of its population
The Medieval Warm Period ended
followed by the Little Ice Age
The colder temperature
and a great number of devastating floods
disrupted harvests and caused mass famine
The Black Death took
at least one third of lives in Europe
This period was full of wars
There were international wars
like the Hundred Years' War
between France and England
and many Civil Wars like
Wars of the Roses in England
There were also religious troubles
The Western Schism damaged the reputation
of the Catholic Church
The Holy Roman Empire since Otto
was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962
The Ottonian dynasty ruled Germany
and the later Holy Roman Empire
from 919 until 1024
Then four kings from the Salian dynasty
Conrad II Henry III IV and V
ruled the empire from 1024 to 1125
We know both Henry III and Henry IV
were involved
in the power struggles with papacy
which called the Investiture controversy
The next dynasty
the House of Staufen ruled
from 1155 to 1250
Its first Emperor was Frederick Barbarossa
Barbarossa in Italian means red beard
You can see from here
You can see the red beard
He ruled for 45 years
He challenged papal authority
and sought to establish
German predominance
in the Western Europe
He sent six expeditions
trying to control northern Italy
In 1190 Frederick died in Asia Minor
while leading an army
in the Third Crusade
The great Interregnum
Interregnum that means there was no king
From 1250 to 1312
the Holy Roman Empire had no emperor
This is called the great Interregnum
Interregnum is the time during
which a throne is vacant
There were two other times
1378–1433 and 1437–1452
These two times also had no emperor
Disintegration and decentralization
of the empire
After the separation
of the Charlemagne’s Empire
The Capetian dynasty
started from Hugh Capet
ruled the western part
and gradually formed
a united kingdom of France
In the Eastern part
since Otto was crowned
Holy Roman Emperor in 962
the Ottonian dynasty ruled until 1024
In the High and Late Middle Ages
the disintegration
and decentralization continued
It was not a united nation
but rather a weakening union
or collection of territories
There were some large Kingdoms
such as the kingdom of Germany
the kingdom of Bohemia
and the kingdom of Italy
kingdom of Burgundy
and also Duchy of Bavaria
In the western part of the Empire
there were
1600 autonomous principalities
free towns and bishoprics
A principality is a country
that is ruled by a prince
a bishopric is the area
under the supervision of a bishop
The House of Luxembourg
From thirteenth century
four big families competed
for the power within the empire
Habsburg Luxembourg Wittelsbach and Anjou
The House of Luxembourg
ruled as King of the Romans
and Holy Roman Emperors
from 1308 to 1437
They also held the title
as Duke of Luxembourg
King of Bohemia Hungary and Poland
Their rule was twice interrupted
by the rival House of Wittelsbach
From this map we can see Luxembourg
Bohemia and Brandenburg
Charles IV was from the House of Luxembourg
His grandfather Henry was Count of Luxembourg
and Holy Roman Emperor
Henry had arranged
the marriage of his son John
and the heiress of Bohemia
Thus John became the king of Bohemia
Bohemia is the area of western part
of today’s Czech Republic
Today Bohemian also
means artistic people
who live in an unconventional way
John’s son Charles IV succeeded
his father as king of Bohemia
In 1355 he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor
Charles IV’s time was
a Golden Age of Bohemia
Charles was born in Prague
and he had French education
He was a fluent in
Latin Czech German French and Italian
He wrote his own autobiography
He made many efforts
to make Prague a culture center
by combining French and Czech traditions
He invited then 23-year-old
German-Bohemian architect
Peter Parler to build St Vitus Cathedral
a masterpiece of Gothic architecture
He also founded the University of Prague
known as Charles University
There was a literary renaissance
in both Latin and Czech during his time
He initiated the
Czech translation of the Bible
His reign was the Golden Age of Bohemia
Golden Bull
The Holy Roman Emperor
should be crowned by the Pope
They first should be elected
king of Romans
actually the German king
In 1356 Charles IV issued the Golden Bull
formally defined election proceedings
It was named the Golden Bull
for the golden seal it carried
The kings were elected
by seven Prince-electors
including three bishops
and four secular noblemen
This is the St Vitus Cathedral in Prague
Jan Hus
Unexpectedly Charles’s interests
in the Czech culture
inspired a generation of political
and religious reformers
During the reign of his son Sigismund
king of Germany
Bohemia and Hungary
and the Holy Roman Emperor
The leader of the movement was Jan Hus
a Czech theologian Catholic priest
and president of the Charles University
Hus was the predecessor of
the future Protectant Reformation
led by Martin Luther
His followers were called Hussites
They openly conflicted
With the powerful
German-speaking minority
and they also challenged the authority
of the Roman Catholic Church
They condemned the indulgences
In the teaching of the Catholic Church
an indulgence is a way to
reduce the amount of punishment
one has to undergo for sins in purgatory
Purgatory is the place
where Roman Catholics believe
the spirits of dead people
are sent to suffer for their sins
before they go to heaven
At late Middle Ages
the corrupted Catholic Church
encouraged people to buy the indulgence
Selling indulgence
became a way to collect money
In 1415 during the Council of Constance
held by the Catholic Church
Jan Hus was sentenced to be burnt
at the stake as a heretic
a person who holds beliefs in conflict
with the dogma of
the Roman Catholic Church
After the execution of Hus
the Catholic Church launched
five papal crusades
against the followers of Hus
forced the Bohemians
to defend themselves
This war was called the Hussite Wars
The fighting ended after 1434
the Hussites agreed to submit to the authority
of the King of Bohemia
and the Roman Catholic Church
and were allowed to some degree
of freedom of religion
Most of Bohemia remained Hussite
through the fifteenth century
This painting showed Hus was burnt
at the stake as a heretic in 1415
Hapsburg
The House of Habsburg
also called House of Austria
was one of the
most influential royal houses of Europe
They held the throne
of the Holy Roman Empire
from 1452 until it dissolved in 1806
Habsburg was name of a Castle
built in the 1020s
in present-day Switzerland
by Count Radbot the ancestor of the family
In the late thirteenth century
Count of Habsburg Rudolph
moved the family's power base to Austria
He became King of Germany
and Duke of Austria
Hapsburg ruled Austria until 1918
In 1453 Frederick III
became the first Holy Roman Emperor
of the House of Habsburg
Besides Austria
through a series of dynastic marriages
Hapsburg acquired the throne of Spain
Bohemia and Hungary
also controlled Burgundy Netherlands
and other territories
The house of Hapsburg now was ruling
a multinational empire of Europe
From this map we can see
the dominion of the Habsburg
We can see
Austria Spain Burgundy Netherlands
Bohemia Bavaria and Hungary and Italy
Now let’s look at the Key words
Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
Charles IV
Bohemia
Jan Hus Hapsburg
This is the end of
the 4th part of chapter 5
-1.0 Introduction
--1.0.3 Exercises
-1.1 Greek Bronze Age and Dark Age
--1.1.3 Exercises
-1.2 Greek Gods
--1.2.3 Exercises
-1.3 Archaic Greece
--1.3.3 Exercises
-1.4 Athens and the Persian Wars
--1.4.3 Exercises
-1.5 Discussion
-2.1 War and politics in the fifth century BC
--2.1.3 Exercises
-2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC
--2.2.3 Exercises
-2.3 Classical Greek Philosophy
--2.3.3 Exercises
-2.4 Athenian Drama
--2.4.3 Exercises
-2.5 Alexander the Great and Hellenistic World
--2.5.3 Exercises
-2.6 Discussion
-3.1 Roman Kingdom
--3.1.3 Exercises
-3.2 Early Republic
--3.2.3 Exercises
-3.3 Mid-Republic
--3.3.3 Exercises
-3.4 Late-Republic
--3.4.3 Exercises
-3.5 End of the Republic
--3.5.3 Exercises
-3.6 Discussion
-4.1 Pax Romana 1
--4.1.3 Excecises
-4.2 Pax Romana 2
--4.2.3 Excecises
-4.3 Crisis of the Third Century and Constantine
--4.3.3 Excecises
-4.4 The Victory of Christianity
--4.4.3 Exercises
-4.5 The Fall of the Roman Empire
--4.5.3 Exercises
-4.6 Discussion
-5.1 Early Middle Ages
--5.1.3 Excecises
-5.2 Carolingian Dynasty
--5.2.3 Excecises
-5.3 High Middle Ages
--5.3.3 Excecises
-5.4 Late Middle Ages 1
--5.4.1 Excecises
-5.5 Late Middle Ages 2
--5.5.3 Excecises
-5.6 Discussion
-6.1 The Renaissance
--6.1.3 Exercises
-6.2 Protestant Reformation
--6.2.3 Exercises
-6.3 Italian Wars and Rise of Russia
--6.3.3 Exercises
-6.4 Age of Discovery
--6.4.3 Exercises
-6.5 French War of Religion and Russia’s Time of Trouble
--6.5.3 Exercises
-6.6 Discussion
-7.1 The Thirty Years War
--7.1.3 Exercises
-7.2 English Revolution
--7.2.3 Exercises
-7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs
--7.3.3 Exercises
-7.4 Dutch Golden Age
--7.4.3 Exercises
-7.5 Science and Culture in the 17th Century
--7.5 Text
--7.5.3 Exercises
-7.6 Discussion
-8.1 The United Kingdom
--8.1.3 Exercises
-8.2 The American Revolution
--8.2.3 Exercises
-8.3 The French Revolution
--8.3.3 Exercises
-8.4 Age of Enlightenment
--8.4.3 Exercises
-8.5 West after the 18th century
--8.5.3 Exercises
-8.6 Discussion