Creative Problem Solving在线视频

Creative Problem solving

Welcome back to the course Innovation and Creative Thinking! This is the second session. It focuses on Creative Problem Solving.

欢迎回到创新与创意思维课程！这是第二次课，内容焦点是创造性解决问题。

Are you a creative thinker?
你是一个有创意的人吗？

Are you creative in problem solving?

你会有创意地解决问题吗？

I’m sure this is a question that you have in your mind.

我相信你在脑海中已经问过这个问题。

Let’s look at this statement.

我们来看一下这句话“A woman without her man is nothing（直译为没有男人的女人毫无价值）”。

I don’t mean to be sexist! Statements can be misleading sometimes.

我不是性别歧视！而是一些话有时会被误解。

Let’s do an activity. Please add punctuation marks to the sentence to make your meaning clear to the readers.

活动1：

让我们来做一个活动，请在这句话加上标点符号使读者清楚你要表达的意思。

Let me share with you the story of a Creative Judge.

让我和你分享一位创意法官的故事。

In Ohio, the Defendants who enter the courtroom and meet the judge never know what to expect.

在俄亥俄州，被告人在进入法庭见到这个法官之前，永远不知道将会发生什么。

For 21 years, this charismatic judge has practiced something he calls “creative justice”,where he gives unexpected but fitting punishments to those who found guilty.

21年来，这位有魅力的法官一直践行他称之为“有创意的公义”，对有罪之人判处意料之外但却十分恰当的惩罚。

You could say thatthe judge models his decision a bit on the philosophy of“an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”.

你可以说这位法官的判决有点「以牙还牙，以眼还眼」的哲理。

The first case is about a woman. She left 35 kittens alone in a forest in winter. In addition to making the woman pay a fine, the judge gave her a taste of her own medicine. He made her spend a night in the woods in the middle of November – without food, water, or tent. But because the temperature fell sharply that evening, the judge was lenient: he allowed the woman to make a fire.

第一个案例是关于一个女人，她在大冬天将35只小猫遗弃在森林里，创意法官除了判处她罚款之外，还要她自食恶果，令她在寒冷的11月中旬在森林里度过一晚，而且没有任何食物、水和帐篷。但因为那天晚上气温急剧下降，创意法官网开一面，允许她生火。

The second case is about a man who insulted police and called them “Pigs”. As a punishment, he had to stand on a street corner with a 170 kilogram pig and hold with a sign saying “This is not a police officer.”

第二个案例是关于一个男人，他对警察无礼并大骂蠢猪，结果作为惩罚，他必须站在街角，旁边牵着一头170公斤的猪，然后手里举着牌子，上面写道“它不是警察”。

The third case was about a woman who was convicted of failing to pay for a taxi ride. The punishmentwas she had to walk more than 48 km –that is the exact distance she traveled in the taxi.

第三个案例是关于一个女人，她因为乘坐出租车不付车费而被定罪，作为惩罚呢？她必须步行至少48公里，这刚好是她乘坐出租车的确切距离。

Last case, a man stole a box of money from the Salvation Amy which meant to help the homeless. What was his sentence? He had to spend a day homeless on the street.

最后一个案例，一个男人偷了救世军组织原本用于救济流浪者的钱，而审判结果呢？他必须在街上当一天的流浪者。

Isn’t the judge creative？I am sure there are times he cannot use this approach, but his attempt to solve the problems creatively has given us some insight into ways to sort out complex problems.

这位法官是不是很有创意呢？我肯定他有时也无法用这种方法，但他努力尝试有创意性地解决问题，这也启发了我们尝试各种方式来解决复杂的问题。

Let’s get to the meaning of Problem Solving. The most well-known definition coined by Polya in 1945 has given us the overall impression on what problem solving is. It’s that nothing is more interesting for human than human activity and the most characteristically human activity is solving problems; that is thinking for a purpose, devising means to some desired end.

接着我们开始认识解决问题的含义，Polya在1945年提出的定义最广为接受，它让我们对什么是解决问题有了总体印象。它的定义便是，对人类来说没有任何事情比人类活动更有趣，而人类活动最大的特征就是解决问题，也就是思考目的并设计方法来达到预期目标。

There are some common connotations and associations of problem solving.

解决问题的意思和联想

It means overcoming a difficulty or avoiding some sort of pain.

它意味着克服困难或避免痛楚。

It focuses on the word ‘problem’ and perceives it as a bad thing or something to be removed

它聚焦于“问题”一词，并把它当成件坏事情或应被消除的事物。

Other associations include logic, analysis, structure, closing a gap, meeting a need, making something work better, mathematics and science

还有其他联想，包括逻辑、分析、结构，弥补差距、满足需求、使事情做得更好、数学运算和科学。

To sum it up

总而言之

A Problem Solving is a process of closing the gap between what is and what is desired, and the act of answering questions, clearing up uncertainties or explaining something that was not previously understood typifies the outcome of problem solving.

解决问题是缩短事情现状和预期目标之间差距的过程。而回答问题、清除不确定性或解释之前未被充分理解的事情这些行为便代表了解决问题所得的结果。

There are many conventional approaches. For example,check literature, use existing or previous solutions from history, hire a consultant, delegate the task, just do it, research it, form a committee or task force, read the manual and use existing algorithms.

有很多传统的方法，比如检查文献、根据经验使用已有的或以前的解决方案、聘请顾问、委派任务、马上去做、研究、组建委员或特别工作小组、阅读指南手册及使用已有的法则。

These all require critical mindset.Critical mindset is always important.

这些都需要批判性思维，批判性思维一直很重要。

It gives solution with certainty.

它给出确定的解决方案。

It embraces correctness.

它信奉正确性。

It goes through the motion.

它经历整个过程。

It uses trials and true methods

它使用经过考验的正确方法

It spots wrong answers.

它发现错误的答案

And reacts promptly.

并作出适时回应。

However, it’s closed to new information.

然而，它不接受新的信息。

It assesses and judges ideas too prematurely.

它过早地评估和判断想法。

It sees unrelated events impossible.

它把不相关的事件出现看作不可能。

It avoids changes.

它避免改变。

It sees gaps and inconsistencies as failure.

它把差距和不一致性看作失败。

And it sees failure as failure.

而且把失败看作失败。

Hence we have creative problem solving, which is an attempt to advance towards an outcome that is new, unstructured and open ended.It applies specially to ill-structured problem and unknown solutions.

因此我们需要创造性解决问题，它是尝试推进新的、非结构化和开放性的结果，特别是应用在结构不良的问题和未知的解决方案。

Creative mindsets are flexible,open to learning, respecting others,connecting ideas,adapting to the unexpected, and embracing ambiguity, having fun, developing unique and useful ideas,discovering new ways,seeing gaps and inconsistencies as clues,spotting wrong questions, and seeing failure as learning.

创新思维是灵活、开放的学习、尊重他人、连接想法、适应意料之外的事、信奉不确定性、开心有趣、发展独特而且有用的想法、发现新的方式、将差距和矛盾看作是线索、找出不一致的问题及将失败当成学习。

Let’s look at the problem solving process. When weencounter a problem, we’ll come to a problem space. Here we’ll check what we know to see whether we can find a solution. If yes, the problem is resolved. If no, we do a cross references. We try to find it from our memory. If we can solve it, obviously the problem is resolved. Ifnot,we got stuck. So this sense of stuckness calls for creative problem solving.

我们一起来看问题解决的过程。当我们遇到问题时，便来到了问题空间。在这里我们会先核查自身所知道的，看看能否从中找到问题的解决方案。如果找到了，问题便随之解决了。如果没有，接着需要做交叉参照，尝试从以往的记忆中找到解决方案。如果方案行得通，明显地问题得到了解决。如果仍然不行，我们便被卡住，正是这种被卡住的感受促使我们召唤创造性来解决问题。

Look at our brain. The whole brain model suggests that we have two systems. The cerebral system is responsible for cognition, the limbic system is responsible for emotion. Our brain has two sides. The left brain is responsible for rational, practical, logical, linear, analytical and mathematical decisions. The right brain is responsible for emotional, creative, imaginative, intuitive, holistic, expanded functions.

来看看我们的大脑，整个脑部结构表明我们有两个系统，大脑系统负责认知，边缘系统负责情感。我们的大脑有左右两边，左脑负责理性的、切合实际的、符合逻辑的、线性的、分析的和数学运算的决策。右脑负责情感的、创意的、富有想象力的、直觉的、整体的和扩展的功能。

It’s interesting how this division of functions between left and right brain being applied to our everyday life!

看左右脑功能的划分如何应用在日常生活中，非常有趣！

Look at thissignage. It’s meant to be signage for the washrooms. It says men to the left because women are always right!

来看一下这张指示图片，它是洗手间的指示图，上面写着「男士向左因为女士常常向右(又可以理解为正确的)」。

How does our brain process information then when we encounter a problem? I will use the information processing model to address this. The information processing model suggests that we have a long term memory of large capacity as well as short term memory of small capacity. Short term memory is the working memory that receives information from perceptual filters such as our eyes and ears.

那么当我们遇到问题时，大脑又是如何处理信息的呢？我接下来会用信息处理模式来解释它。信息处理模式认为我们具有大容量的长期记忆和小容量的短期记忆，短期记忆是从感知觉过滤器获取信息的工作记忆，如眼睛和耳朵。

To process information that requires reference from the long term memory, we need to send signals via the short term memory. Hence the short term memory can be a bottleneck. Creative problem solving is used to compensate for this bottleneck

为了处理信息，我们要从长期记忆中获取参考资料，这要先通过短期记忆来发送信号，因此，短期记忆成为了处理信息的瓶颈，而创造性解决问题便常常用来弥补瓶颈。

You will wonder how creative problem solving helps to overcome the bottleneck.  Let’s deliberate on this in more details.

你会想知道创造性解决问题如何帮助突破瓶颈，这里让我们详细探讨。

Isaken and Treffinger in 1985 described creative problem solving process as having six steps: first, mess-finding；second, data-finding；third, problem-finding；fourth, idea-finding；fifth, solution finding；sixth, acceptance-finding. In all these steps, they have two phases. The first phase is divergent thinking phase. The second one is convergent thinking phase.

Isaken和Treffinger在1985年将创造性解决问题的过程描述为六个步骤。第一步，发现困境；第二步，查找数据；第三步，发现问题；第四步，发现想法；第五步，找出方案；第六步，寻求接受。以上所有步骤都有两个方面，第一面是发散思维，第二面是聚合思维。

For divergent thinking phase, it means we expand our ideas, solutions, methods that are probable answers to the problem. For convergent thinking phace, we remove the not-so-likely answers from the list.

对于发散思维，它意味着我们扩展可能的想法、方案和方法来回答问题。对于聚合思维，我们需要从这个列表中将不太可能的移除。

The first step, mess-finding. In the divergent phase, we probe into challenges, opportunities, situations and concerns in order to understand the mess. In the convergent phase, we evaluate the mess to generate a single mess. We ask the questions, such as to what extent do we have influence over the mess? Second, to what extent are we interested in working with this mess? Third, to what extent will addressing this mess require imagination? Fourth, to what extent is this mess important? Fifth, to what extent could we address this mess in the immediate future?

第一步，发现困境。在发散思维阶段，我们对所有考虑到的挑战、机会、情境和忧虑进行探究，来理解困境所在。在聚合思维阶段，我们对困境进行评价从而形成一个，接着问问题，比如我们能影响困境到哪个程度？第二，我们对在困境中工作的兴趣到哪个程度？第三，为应对困境，需要发挥想象力到哪个程度？第四，困境的重要程度到哪里？第五，在短时间内我们能够将困境处理到哪个程度？

The second step, data-finding. Having understood the mess, then we try to get more information. We try to get our impressions. We try to collect our observations. We also try to feel how the mess is like and continue to ask questions. In the divergent phase, we will use information, impressions, observations, feelings and questions in order to collect more data. In the convergent phase, then we will use the ‘Hit Hot spots – Critical Concerns’ Step. Hit spots mean important items. Hot spots mean group of related items together. And then we do a critical concern analysis. We prioritize these items.

第二步，查找数据。理解了困境后，接着我们会尝试获取更多的信息，尝试获得更多的印象，尽力收集可以观察到的，努力感受这个困境是什么并继续提出问题。在发散思维阶段，我们将会利用信息、印象、观察、感觉和问题来收集更多的数据。在聚合思维阶段，采用「击热点-关键问题」步骤，击点意味着重要条目，热点意味着一组将互相关联的条目组合。接着我们分析关键问题，然后对这些条目进行优先排序。

The third step is problem-finding. In the divergent phase, we generate as many problems as possible. In the convergent phase, we will ask ourselves which problem statement lends itself to many possible ideas for solutions,andwhich problem statement are we most interested in generating ideas for solutions?

第三步是发现问题。在发散思维阶段，我们会尽可能多地提出问题。在聚合思维阶段，我们会反问自己，哪种问题的描述能将它引向包含很多可能性的解决方案及哪种问题的描述让我们最有兴趣来产生解决问题的想法？

The fourth step, idea-finding. In the divergent phrase, we will do brainstorming, attribute listing and etc. in order to generate more ideas. In the convergent phrase, we will use ‘Hit Hot Spots – Critical concerns’ process again.

第四步，发现想法。在发散思维阶段，我们会用头脑风暴法、特性列举法等来形成更多的想法。在聚合思维阶段，会再次采用「击热点-关键问题」程序。

The fifth step, solution finding. In the divergent phrase, we generate a set of possible criteria for evaluating the ideas. In the convergent phrase, we use these criteria to evaluate what we have come up with so far.

第五步，找出方案。在发散思维阶段，我们会发展一系列可能的标准来评价想法。在聚合思维阶段，采用这些标准对目前所提出的想法进行评价。

Last step, acceptance finding. In the divergent phase of this step, we identify both assisters and resisters followed by plan of actions with a schedule. In the convergent phrase, we delineate short-term, intermediate term and long-term actions.

最后一步，寻求接受。在发散思维阶段，我们需要先识别助力和阻力，再制定行动计划。在聚合思维阶段，要详细地说明短期、中期和长期行动计划。

Then the most critical question probably to you now is how to be creative.

那么此刻对你来说，最关键的问题可能便是如何变得有创意。

Well, here you are, I got some tips for you.  First, go somewhere different. Different environments give you a different state of mind. Second, give yourself a sound track. Third, if you’re putting pressure on yourself, a pint or two might help you relax, or maybe some coffee. It’s worth a try.Four, write down the problem. If you ask the right question, you’re half way to solving the problem, or maybe more! Five, keep rewriting the problem. Maybe you’re still asking the wrong question. Rewriting it in a different way may help you think about it differently too.

好的，我接下来会给你们一些小建议。第一条，去一些不同的地方，环境的变化能令你的心态也随之发生变化。第二条，给自己听音带。第三条，如果你正在给自己加压，一或两品脱的酒可能会有助于放松，或者是咖啡，值得你试一下。第四条，把问题写下来。如果你问了正确的问题，问题已经解决了一半，甚至更多。第五条，不断地重写问题，可能你一直都在问错误的问题。换个方式把问题写下来或许能帮你从不同的角度思考它。

Six, do something that requires a lot of concentration. It clears your mind and pushes the problem to your more powerful back brain. Seven, if you can’t solve the problem as you, do it as someone else. Imagine you’re someone extra smart and try to solve it as them. Eight, deliberately come up with bad ideas. You may be setting your standards too high. Deliberately lower them to get the ideas flowing. You can raise them again later. Nine, Go and read some stuff. Maybe you don’t have enough information. Do more. The answer may come from a small insight hidden away.

第六条，做一些需要高度集中注意力的事情，它可以清理你的思路，把问题先抛到脑后。第七条，如果按照你的方式不能解决问题，试试其他人的方式。假设你自己是极其聪明的人，试着按照这类人的方式去解决问题。第八条，故意提出些坏主意。你可能把目标设置得过高，特别将目标降得更低才能让思路活动起来。第九条，去阅读一些资料。可能你现在还没有足够的信息，尽力去获取更多，这样答案或许会从隐藏起来的顿悟中跑出来。

Ten, Have a nap. They say that dreams are your brain’s way of sorting out data. Have a nap and let it go to work. Eleven, Map your thoughts. It’s a great way of seeing that you’re exploring lots of areas. Twelve, buy someone a drink and talk to them. Get their opinions. Lastly, give up just for the moment. If it’s not working right now, don’t push it.

第十条，小憩。有人说做梦是大脑整理资料的方式之一。小憩一会，让大脑按它的方式去工作。第十一条，把你的思路画成图，当你探究的事物设计很多领域时，这是看清它们的好方式。第十二条，请他人喝杯饮料，向他们谈谈你的想法并寻求他们的意见。最后，暂时放弃，如果现在行不通，不要推。

Well, I hope these tips will help you. Let’s do some activities. Activity 2 requires you to discussthe following question with your groupmates after the current session. Share your views with your teacher in class.

好的，希望这些建议可以帮助你，接着让我们一起做活动。活动2要求这节课结束后，你和你的组员一起讨论以下这些问题，然后再课堂上与老师分享你的想法。

With the advance of medical technology, two new methods of taking blood from patients were discovered by scientists.  The videos followed will show you one by one. Which method do you think healthcare professionals and patients would be likely to accept ?

随着医疗科技的发展，科学家发明了两种新的从病人身上采血的方法，接下来会连续播放这两个视频，你认为医护人员和病人更愿意采用哪种方法？

The AccuVein Vein Finder is a portable device using vein visualization technology designed to help healthcare professionals locate and assess appropriate veins for safe and efficient intravenous access.

AccuVein 静脉定位器是一款便携式设备，采用静脉可视化技术，旨在帮助医护人员定位和评估适当的静脉，实现安全高效的静脉注射。

抽血机器人视频

Robot Draws Blood

Veebot: The First Robot Phlebotomist

机器人抽血

维博特：第一个机器抽血员

Would you be willing to trust your arm to a robot with a sharp needle.  A startup company in Miami Florida is betting that you would. This is a prototype of the Veebot, the first robot phlebotomist.

你愿意把你的手臂托在一个带锋利的针的机器人上吗？佛罗里达州迈阿密的一家初创公司打赌你会的。这是维博特的原型，第一个机器抽血员。

It uses infrared light and imaging analysis to find the right vein, ultrasound to confirm the blood flow in the vein, and robotics to insert a needle into it.

它使用红外线和影像分析来找到正确的静脉，超声波来确认静脉中的血流，机器抽血员将针插入静脉。

After the patient put his arm through the arm-tray, an infrared light illuminates his inner elbow for a camera. Software matches with the camera sees it against a model built from thousands of vein images looking for a suitable vein.

病人将手臂伸进手臂托盘后，红外线照射到他的内肘，为照相机照明血管范围。与相机相匹配的软件会将它与数千张静脉图像构建成的模型比较，寻找合适的静脉。

Once the Veebot system selects the target vein, it turns to ultrasound to confirm the selected vein has sufficient blood flow for successful blood draw.

一旦维博特系统找到目标静脉，它转向超声波，以确认所选静脉有足夠抽血所需的血。

The robot then aligns the needle and sticks it in. The whole process takes about a minute. But what makes Veebot better than human technician?

然后，机器抽血员将针头对齐并插入血管，整个过程大约需要一分钟。但是，是什么让维博特比人类技术员更好呢？

It’s still a human to start the process.

它仍然是由一个人来开始整个过程。

Any idea robot drawing blood may be too creepy for some patients? But if you’ve ever gotten blood drawn and had a technician failed to stick a useful vein the first time, a robot that gets it right every time may be appealing. Mistakes are painful. They also waste time. Time is money in a busy hospital.

对于一些病人来说，机器抽血员可能太令人毛骨悚然了？但是，如果你曾经抽过血，而一个技术人员第一次没有粘上一条有用的静脉，一个每次都能得到正确的机器人可能会很有吸引力。错误是痛苦的，他们也浪费时间，在繁忙的医院里，时间就是金钱。

Have fun! Thank you very much! Seeyou next week!

学习愉快！非常感谢！下周见！