5.3 How to Give Definitions in Essay Writing慕课视频播放-主题英语-MOOC慕课视频教程-柠檬大学

本节将关注“如何下定义。”换言之，如何写出定义句？

首先，我们要理解什么是定义？

所以第一个问题是：什么是定义？

根据现代词典，定义就是用对某个词或某群词的含义进行解释。

定义可以被分成：

内涵定义（给出某个词语的核心含义）；

外延定义（主要列出该词语所描述的物体）。

另外一个重要的类别是实例定义，主要通过举例来揭示词语的含义。

一个词语可能包含不同的含义和多重含义，也因此需要多重定义。

定义还包括一些子类别，在某一特定的知识领域或研究领域中更是如此。

如：字典定义，就是某一语言中的词在字典里的一般定义。

示范定义：通过指出具体例子下定义。如：指着一只大象说：“这是一头亚洲象”。

精准定义：指在特殊语境里去除一个词义中的模糊部分。

如：“大”表示雌性亚洲象的体重超过5500磅。

那么，第二个问题是：“如何下定义？”

下定义时，如果你希望你的定义完整，请记得以下策略：

分类：根据标准的词典定义对该词的词性类别等进行归类。

虽然这类信息往往枯燥乏味，但它能帮助大家了解该词应该如何正确使用。

比较：将生词与熟词进行比较。

对于一个比较生僻的概念，可以用为人熟知的概念来解释。

比如：很多人不知道confrere这个词，

它的基本概念就是：“某一行业或某一团体中的一员。”

你可以将它和意义相近、但使用更为普遍的词colleague进行比较。

提供传统角度的细节解释：

解释该词的相关外部特征，或使用传统观点进行解释。

比如home这个词，外部看上去就是一所房子或者一个公寓。

更抽象的看，home传统上被理解成“温暖的、舒适的以及安全的环境。”

你可以把所有这些概括入对home的定义。

使用实例来阐述意义：

人们往往更容易理解故事以及生动的描述。

因此，可以使用恰当的故事、形象的描述来解释清楚某些抽象的、杂乱的概念。

比如解释kindness这个词的时候，

可以写出你亲身经历或亲眼见过的善事。

“有人帮年迈的邻居把草坪修整干净”，又比如“在你失意的时候受到鼓励”都是极好的例子。

使用否定法排除该词所不包含的意思。

如果一个词经常被误用或误解，那么排除该词不包含的意思就可以有效避免这种情况，

从而能够把该概念的核心含义解释清楚。

比如常见的词汇courage，这个词常被理解为“不害怕”。

但是很多人指出，courage应该被精准地定义为：“尽管害怕仍会采取行动。”

提供背景信息：

可以查一下某个词的词源，

解释该词的出处，以及如何演化出现有的含义。

总而言之，有六种下定义的方法：

分类特征法：下一个简单地定义：词=类别+可区别性特征

例证法：举例说明该词的用法。

比较对比法：将该词与同类的其他词进行比较或者对比。

类比法：将简单概念词与复杂概念词进行类比。

否定法：排除该词所不包含的含义。

词源解释法：

学会所有这些下定义的方法了吗？祝你好运！希望你学以致用。

有问题多问一下你的老师吧！
再见！

主题英语课程列表：

01 COLLEGE LIFE

-1.1 Lexical Chunks Expressing Aims

--1.1 Lexical Chunks Expressing Aims

--1.1 Discussion

-1.2 Sentence Patterns for Research

--1.2 Sentence Patterns for Research

-1.3 An Introduction to Essay Writing

--1.3 An Introduction to Essay Writing

-1.4 An Introduction to MOOCs

--1.4 An Introduction to MOOCs

-1.5 Chinese Dragons

--1.5 Chinese Dragons

--1.5 Discussion

-Test 01

02 A WORLD OF FAST FOOD

-2.1 Lexical Chunks for Dish, Flavor and Cookware

--2.1 Lexical Chunks for Dish, Flavor and Cookware

--2.1 Discussion

-2.2 Sentence Patterns for Describing Problems

--2.2 Sentence Patterns for Describing Problems

--2.2 Discussion

-2.3 Four Bases for Revising Essays (1): Unity and Support

--2.3 Four Bases for Revising Essays (1): Unity and Support

-2.4 The 8 Great Cuisines of China

--2.4 The 8 Great Cuisines of China

-2.5 Chinese Dumplings

--2.5 Chinese Dumplings

-Test 02

03 HEALTHY HABITS

-3.1 Lexical Chunks for Mental Health

--3.1 Lexical Chunks for Mental Health

--3.1 Discussion

-3.2 Three Most Common Types of Sentence-skills Errors in Writing

--3.2 Three Most Common Types of Sentence-skills Errors in Writing

-3.3 Point and Support in Essay Writing

--3.3 Point and Support in Essay Writing

-3.4 The Relationship Between Health and Stress

--3.4 The Relationship Between Health and Stress

-3.5 Acupuncture and Other TCM Therapies

--3.5 Acupuncture and Other TCM Therapies

--3.5 Discussion

-Test 03

04 PERSONAL HEROES

-4.1 Lexical Chunks for Giving Opinions

--4.1 Lexical Chunks for Giving Opinions

--4.1 Discussion

-4.2 Dependent-Word Fragments

--4.2 Dependent-Word Fragments

-4.3 Four Bases for Revising Essays (2): Coherence and Sentence Skills

--4.3 Four Bases for Revising Essays (2): Coherence and Sentence Skills

-4.4 Creative Problem Solving

--4.4 Creative Problem Solving

-4.5 Chinese Kung Fu

--4.5 Chinese Kung Fu

--4.5 Discussion

-Test 04

05 BILINGUAL EDUCATION

-5.0 Introduction: Bilingual Education

--5.0 Introduction: Bilingual Education

--5.0 Discussion

-5.1 Prefixes Related to Numbers

--5.1 Lexical Learning by Introducing Prefixes Related to Numbers

-5.2 Sentence Patterns for Giving Definitions

--5.2 Sentence Patterns for Giving Definitions

-5.3 How to Give Definitions in Essay Writing

--5.3 How to Give Definitions in Essay Writing

-5.4 The Importance of Language Learning

--5.4 The Importance of Language Learning

--5.4 Discussion

-5.5 Chinese Characters

--5.5 Chinese Characters

-Test 05

06 LOVE AND MARRIAGE

-6.0 Introduction: Love and Marriage

--6.0 Introduction: Love and Marriage

-6.1 Lexical Chunks: Cultural Words Related to Chinese Weddings

--6.1 Lexical Chunks: Cultural Words Related to Chinese Weddings

-6.2 Sentence Pattern: Should Passive Voice be Encouraged in Writing?

--6.2 Sentence Pattern: Should Passive Voice be Encouraged in Writing?

-6.3 How to Write a Supported Opinion Paragraph?

--6.3 How to Write a Supported Opinion Paragraph?

-6.4 Which is Your Idea of Marriage, Love-oriented or Money-oriented?

--6.4 Which is Your Idea of Marriage, Love-oriented or Money-oriented?

--6.4 Discussion

-6.5 Chinese Chopsticks

--6.5 Chinese Chopsticks

--6.5 Discussion

-Test 06

07 MONEY MATTERS

-7.0 Introduction: Budget

--7.0 Introduction: Budget

-7.1 Lexical Chunks: The Key Word “Deposit”

--7.1 Lexical Chunks: The Key Word “Deposit”

--7.1 Discussion

-7.2 Sentence Patterns on Expressing Purposes

--7.2 Sentence Patterns on How to Express Purposes

-7.3 Zooming in Expository Texts

--7.3 Reading and Scaffolding Expository Texts

-7.4 Spend Less? Earn More? Which Is the Better Path?

--7.4 Spend Less? Earn More? Which Is the Better Path?

-7.5 Chinese Seal

--7.5 Chinese Seal

--7.5 Discussion

-Test 07

08 SPACE IS THE PLACE

-8.1 Lexical Chunks for Space Exploration

--8.1 Lexical Chunks for Space Exploration

--8.1 Discussion

-8.2 Sentence Pattern: There be

--8.2 Sentence Pattern: There be

-8.3 Superordinate and Subordinate in Writing

--8.3 Superordinate and Subordinate in Writing

-8.4 Critical Thinking: Why Do We Explore Space?

--8.4 Critical Thinking: Why Do We Explore Space?

-8.5 Chinese Era

--8.5 Chinese Era

--8.5 Discussion

-Test 08

09 POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION

-9.1 Lexical Chunks for Immigration

--9.1 Lexical Chunks for Immigration

-9.2 Sentence Logic: Negation

--9.2 Sentence Logic: Negation

-9.3 Exemplification in Writing

--9.3 Exemplification in Writing

-9.4 Critical Thinking: Pros and Cons of Multiculturalism

--9.4 Critical Thinking: Pros and Cons of Multiculturalism

--9.4 Discussion

-9.5 Chinese Silk

--9.5 Chinese Silk

--9.5 Discussion

-Test 09

10 DISASTERS

-10.1 Lexical Chunks for Disasters

--10.1 Lexical Chunks for Disasters

-10.2 Sentence Writing: Inanimate Subject

--10.2 Sentence Writing: Inanimate Subject

-10.3 Essay Writing: A Drawing Opening

--10.3 Essay Writing: A Drawing Opening

-10.4 Critical Thinking: Humanity Vs Nature

--10.4 Critical Thinking: Humanity Vs Nature

--10.4 Discussion

-10.5 Chinese Classical Garden

--10.5 Chinese Classical Garden

--10.5 Discussion

-Test 10

11 A CAMPUS OF READERS

-11.0 Introduction: Reading habits

--11.0 Introduction: Reading habits

--11.0 Discussion

-11.1 Lexical Chunks for Favorite Readings

--11.1 Lexical Chunks for Favorite Readings

-11.2 Sentence Patterns for Sharing Reading Experience

--11.2 Sentence Patterns for Sharing Reading Experience

-11.3 From Assumption to Opinion in Essay Writing

--11.3 From Assumption to Opinion in Essay Writing

-11.4 Appreciation of “On Studies” by Francis Bacon

--11.4 Appreciation of “On Studies” by Francis Bacon

-11.5 Four Treasures of the Study

--11.5 Four Treasures of the Study

--11.5 Discussion

-Test 11

12 ALL TALK

-12.1 Lexical Chunks for Paraphrasing Advantages & Disadvantages

--12.1 Lexical Chunks for Paraphrasing Advantages & Disadvantages

-12.2 Sentence Patterns for Agreement & Disagreement

--12.2 Sentence Patterns for Agreement & Disagreement

-12.3 Presenting Different Ideas in Essay Writing

--12.3 Presenting Different Ideas in Essay Writing

-12.4 Debating: Lingua Franca--Beneficial or Detrimental?

--12.4 Debating: Lingua Franca--Beneficial or Detrimental?

--12.4 Discussion

-12.5 Chinese Antithetical Couplets

--12.5 Chinese Antithetical Couplets

--12.5 Discussion

-Test 12

13 THE SPIRIT OF COMPETITION

-13.0 Introduction: Unforgettable Events

--13.0 Introduction: Unforgettable Events

-13.1 Lexical Learning by Analyzing Prefix and Suffix

--13.1 Lexical Learning by Analyzing Prefix and Suffix

-13.2 Sentence Patterns for Describing Unforgettable Events

--13.2 Sentence Patterns for Describing Unforgettable Events

--13.2 Discussion

-13.3 Flashback in Story Writing

--13.3 Flashback When Writing a Story

-13.4 Interpreting Competitive Culture

--13.4 Interpreting Competitive Culture

-13.5 Chinese Weiqi

--13.5 Chinese Weiqi

--13.5 Discussion

-Test 13

14 FUN MATTERS

-14.1 How do you feel about extreme sports? List your reasons.

--14.1 Lexical Chunks for Extreme Sports

-14.2 How to Use Parallelism

--14.2 How to Use Parallelism

-14.3 How to Write a Concluding Paragraph

--14.3 How to Write a Concluding Paragraph

-14.4 Taking Risks

-14.5 Peking Opera

-Test 14

15 GENES AND PERSONALITY

-15.1 Lexical Chunks for the Relationship between Happiness and Happiness Genes

--15.1 Lexical Chunks for the Relationship between Happiness and Happiness Genes

-15.2 How to Expand the Basic Sentence with Participles and Participle Phrases

--15.2 How to Expand the Basic Sentence with Participles and Participle Phrases

-15.3 Comparison and Contrast

--15.3 Comparison and Contrast

-15.4 The Road to Happiness

--15.4 The Road to Happiness

--15.4 Discussion

-15.5 Chinese Taoism

--15.5 Chinese Taoism

--15.5 Discussion

-Test 15

16 DIFFERENCES IN COMMUNICATION

-16.1 Lexical Chunks for the Linguistic Difference between Men and Women

--16.1 Lexical Chunks for the Linguistic Difference between Men and Women

-16.2 How to Vary Sentences by Using Adverb Modifiers

--16.2 How to Vary Sentences by Using Adverb Modifiers

-16.3 How to Write an Introductory Paragraph

--16.3 How to Write an Introductory Paragraph

-16.4 How to Avoid Misunderstanding between Men and Women

--16.4 How to Avoid Misunderstanding between Men and Women

--16.4 Discussion

-16.5 Chinese Idioms

--16.5 Chinese Idioms

--16.5 Discussion

-Test 16

期末考试

-Final Test

5.3 How to Give Definitions in Essay Writing在线视频

5.3 How to Give Definitions in Essay Writing课程教案、知识点、字幕