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15.2 How to Expand the Basic Sentence with Participles and Participle Phrases课程教案、知识点、字幕

我们所读或所写的大多数句子都含有作为名词和修饰语的完整的词组。

这样的词组使我们能够将一些信息组合成一个句子,

并使它们之间的关系变得清晰,就如下面这个句子:

当实验成功后,为结果感到兴奋的研究者们扩大了研究,招收了更多的患者。

在句子主干“研究者扩大了研究”上附了三个词组以添加相关信息:

“当实验成功了”,“为结果感到兴奋”,“招收更多的患者”。

这些结构就是短语和从句:

有几种扩展基本句子的方法,

如使用从句(当实验成功后),

使用不定式(招收更多的患者),

还有使用分词短语(为结果感到兴奋)。

根据本单元文章的写作特点,我想给大家介绍第三种方法,

即本文作者非常擅长的方法——使用分词和分词短语。

如你所知,所有的动词有两个分词形式。

现在分词和过去分词都可以作为形容词来修饰名词和代词。

首先,让我们来看看现在分词和现在分词短语是如何作为形容词使用的。

这里有个第四段的句子:

他相信,有基因有助于激发那些产生快乐的潜在因素,这些基因将在未来的研究中得到确认。

“潜在的”和“通往快乐”分别是用来修饰“因素”的现在分词和现在分词短语。

“潜在的”是前置定语,“通往快乐”是后置定语。

现在请扩展下列句子:

酸雨对环境有影响。

那么,“酸雨对环境有破坏性的影响”怎么翻译呢?

有些学生会这样翻译:

酸雨对环境有破坏性的影响。

不可否认,这是正确的。

但你知道,冗长——使用不必要的词来表达一个意思

——往往是写作时偷懒或不用心的表现。

当你没有完成必要的工作来使你的文章简洁明了时,你的读者会为此付出额外的时间和精力,对此他们可能会心生怨恨。

所以如果我们用现在分词作为名词前的修饰语,就可以这样改写:

酸雨对环境有破坏性的影响。

另一个例子来自泰戈尔写的《飞鸟集》:

我的朋友,你的声音飘荡在我的心里,

就像那海水的低吟声缭绕在静听的松林之间。

于是,我们可以理解为什么在雅思写作范文中,

下面这个句子中“有工作的父母”是获得高分的关键。

这些孩子常常被宠坏了,不是通过爱和关心的方式,

因为有工作的父母没有时间爱和关心,

却是通过更物质的方式,

同时,现在分词短语常常放在它们所修饰的名词之后,

如你在文中所见——通往快乐的潜在因素。

这是一种扩展句子的有效途径。

例如,我们可以用现在分词短语作后置定语的方法,扩展句子“这里有几个男孩” 。

也就是说,有几个男孩在小溪里游泳。

它几乎等同于一个包含定语从句的句子:

有几个男孩,他们在小溪里游泳。

现在谁可以扩展下面的句子?

中国幅员辽阔。

哦,我来重写。

做得好!

现在让我们继续。

像现在分词一样,过去分词和过去分词短语同样可以发挥形容词功用。

文本中典型的表达式如下:

在第二段中:

哈默回顾了一些针对双胞胎体验的快乐感的研究。

“双胞胎所经历的” 放在它所修饰的短语“幸福感”之后。

第三段中:

例如,一对双胞胎兄弟,一个在无教育背景的渔家长大,

另一个自小就被身为警察部门高官的养父收养,两人的问卷调查得分相同。

“在无教育背景的渔家长大”是一个过去分词短语,作为“一个人”的修饰语;

“没有受过教育的” 是修饰“渔家”的过去分词。

正如我们提到的,在泰戈尔写的《飞鸟集》中,

有一首诗典型地为我们展示了过去分词和过去分词短语是如何发挥形容词功效的。

这孤寡的黄昏,幕着雾和雨,我在我的心的孤寂里,感觉到它的叹息。

很多过去分词可以用作形容词,放在它们要修饰的词前面。

例如:

困惑而悲伤的马丁变得乐观起来。

她脸上挂着愉悦的表情。

难怪雅思写作范文推荐这样的句子:

“根据我们自己学校的经验来看,我们可以找到大量的证据来支持这一观点,

一个孩子可以通过持续的教学并在指导下的实践中获得这些技能”。

此外,一些单个的过去分词,而不是短语,可以作为独立的后置定语。

例如,这些所获得的经验对我们很有价值。

她喜欢所提供的所有课程。

通常,过去分词短语跟随它们所修饰的名词,起到定语从句的效果。

例如,遗传学带来了很多不同的意见,

因为任何有关遗传学会负责我们存在的方式的观点会使我们感到缺乏控制,

众所周知,这种感觉会影响我们的幸福。

诚然,这句话的后半部分可以改写成这样:

因为任何有关遗传学会负责我们存在的方式的观点会使我们感到缺乏控制,

众所周知,这种感觉会影响我们的幸福。

但你会发现它明显冗长而乏味;从而了解分词短语充当形容词的灵活性。

现在我们知道了,大部分我们读、写或说的句子比基本句更复杂,信息更丰富、更有趣。

所以请尽量用分词和分词短语扩展你的作文中的句子。

主题英语课程列表:

01 COLLEGE LIFE

-1.1 Lexical Chunks Expressing Aims

--1.1 Lexical Chunks Expressing Aims

--1.1 Discussion

-1.2 Sentence Patterns for Research

--1.2 Sentence Patterns for Research

-1.3 An Introduction to Essay Writing

--1.3 An Introduction to Essay Writing

-1.4 An Introduction to MOOCs

--1.4 An Introduction to MOOCs

-1.5 Chinese Dragons

--1.5 Chinese Dragons

--1.5 Discussion

-Test 01

02 A WORLD OF FAST FOOD

-2.1 Lexical Chunks for Dish, Flavor and Cookware

--2.1 Lexical Chunks for Dish, Flavor and Cookware

--2.1 Discussion

-2.2 Sentence Patterns for Describing Problems

--2.2 Sentence Patterns for Describing Problems

--2.2 Discussion

-2.3 Four Bases for Revising Essays (1): Unity and Support

--2.3 Four Bases for Revising Essays (1): Unity and Support

-2.4 The 8 Great Cuisines of China

--2.4 The 8 Great Cuisines of China

-2.5 Chinese Dumplings

--2.5 Chinese Dumplings

-Test 02

03 HEALTHY HABITS

-3.1 Lexical Chunks for Mental Health

--3.1 Lexical Chunks for Mental Health

--3.1 Discussion

-3.2 Three Most Common Types of Sentence-skills Errors in Writing

--3.2 Three Most Common Types of Sentence-skills Errors in Writing

-3.3 Point and Support in Essay Writing

--3.3 Point and Support in Essay Writing

-3.4 The Relationship Between Health and Stress

--3.4 The Relationship Between Health and Stress

-3.5 Acupuncture and Other TCM Therapies

--3.5 Acupuncture and Other TCM Therapies

--3.5 Discussion

-Test 03

04 PERSONAL HEROES

-4.1 Lexical Chunks for Giving Opinions

--4.1 Lexical Chunks for Giving Opinions

--4.1 Discussion

-4.2 Dependent-Word Fragments

--4.2 Dependent-Word Fragments

-4.3 Four Bases for Revising Essays (2): Coherence and Sentence Skills

--4.3 Four Bases for Revising Essays (2): Coherence and Sentence Skills

-4.4 Creative Problem Solving

--4.4 Creative Problem Solving

-4.5 Chinese Kung Fu

--4.5 Chinese Kung Fu

--4.5 Discussion

-Test 04

05 BILINGUAL EDUCATION

-5.0 Introduction: Bilingual Education

--5.0 Introduction: Bilingual Education

--5.0 Discussion

-5.1 Prefixes Related to Numbers

--5.1 Lexical Learning by Introducing Prefixes Related to Numbers

-5.2 Sentence Patterns for Giving Definitions

--5.2 Sentence Patterns for Giving Definitions

-5.3 How to Give Definitions in Essay Writing

--5.3 How to Give Definitions in Essay Writing

-5.4 The Importance of Language Learning

--5.4 The Importance of Language Learning

--5.4 Discussion

-5.5 Chinese Characters

--5.5 Chinese Characters

-Test 05

06 LOVE AND MARRIAGE

-6.0 Introduction: Love and Marriage

--6.0 Introduction: Love and Marriage

-6.1 Lexical Chunks: Cultural Words Related to Chinese Weddings

--6.1 Lexical Chunks: Cultural Words Related to Chinese Weddings

-6.2 Sentence Pattern: Should Passive Voice be Encouraged in Writing?

--6.2 Sentence Pattern: Should Passive Voice be Encouraged in Writing?

-6.3 How to Write a Supported Opinion Paragraph?

--6.3 How to Write a Supported Opinion Paragraph?

-6.4 Which is Your Idea of Marriage, Love-oriented or Money-oriented?

--6.4 Which is Your Idea of Marriage, Love-oriented or Money-oriented?

--6.4 Discussion

-6.5 Chinese Chopsticks

--6.5 Chinese Chopsticks

--6.5 Discussion

-Test 06

07 MONEY MATTERS

-7.0 Introduction: Budget

--7.0 Introduction: Budget

-7.1 Lexical Chunks: The Key Word “Deposit”

--7.1 Lexical Chunks: The Key Word “Deposit”

--7.1 Discussion

-7.2 Sentence Patterns on Expressing Purposes

--7.2 Sentence Patterns on How to Express Purposes

-7.3 Zooming in Expository Texts

--7.3 Reading and Scaffolding Expository Texts

-7.4 Spend Less? Earn More? Which Is the Better Path?

--7.4 Spend Less? Earn More? Which Is the Better Path?

-7.5 Chinese Seal

--7.5 Chinese Seal

--7.5 Discussion

-Test 07

08 SPACE IS THE PLACE

-8.1 Lexical Chunks for Space Exploration

--8.1 Lexical Chunks for Space Exploration

--8.1 Discussion

-8.2 Sentence Pattern: There be

--8.2 Sentence Pattern: There be

-8.3 Superordinate and Subordinate in Writing

--8.3 Superordinate and Subordinate in Writing

-8.4 Critical Thinking: Why Do We Explore Space?

--8.4 Critical Thinking: Why Do We Explore Space?

-8.5 Chinese Era

--8.5 Chinese Era

--8.5 Discussion

-Test 08

09 POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION

-9.1 Lexical Chunks for Immigration

--9.1 Lexical Chunks for Immigration

-9.2 Sentence Logic: Negation

--9.2 Sentence Logic: Negation

-9.3 Exemplification in Writing

--9.3 Exemplification in Writing

-9.4 Critical Thinking: Pros and Cons of Multiculturalism

--9.4 Critical Thinking: Pros and Cons of Multiculturalism

--9.4 Discussion

-9.5 Chinese Silk

--9.5 Chinese Silk

--9.5 Discussion

-Test 09

10 DISASTERS

-10.1 Lexical Chunks for Disasters

--10.1 Lexical Chunks for Disasters

-10.2 Sentence Writing: Inanimate Subject

--10.2 Sentence Writing: Inanimate Subject

-10.3 Essay Writing: A Drawing Opening

--10.3 Essay Writing: A Drawing Opening

-10.4 Critical Thinking: Humanity Vs Nature

--10.4 Critical Thinking: Humanity Vs Nature

--10.4 Discussion

-10.5 Chinese Classical Garden

--10.5 Chinese Classical Garden

--10.5 Discussion

-Test 10

11 A CAMPUS OF READERS

-11.0 Introduction: Reading habits

--11.0 Introduction: Reading habits

--11.0 Discussion

-11.1 Lexical Chunks for Favorite Readings

--11.1 Lexical Chunks for Favorite Readings

-11.2 Sentence Patterns for Sharing Reading Experience

--11.2 Sentence Patterns for Sharing Reading Experience

-11.3 From Assumption to Opinion in Essay Writing

--11.3 From Assumption to Opinion in Essay Writing

-11.4 Appreciation of “On Studies” by Francis Bacon

--11.4 Appreciation of “On Studies” by Francis Bacon

-11.5 Four Treasures of the Study

--11.5 Four Treasures of the Study

--11.5 Discussion

-Test 11

12 ALL TALK

-12.1 Lexical Chunks for Paraphrasing Advantages & Disadvantages

--12.1 Lexical Chunks for Paraphrasing Advantages & Disadvantages

-12.2 Sentence Patterns for Agreement & Disagreement

--12.2 Sentence Patterns for Agreement & Disagreement

-12.3 Presenting Different Ideas in Essay Writing

--12.3 Presenting Different Ideas in Essay Writing

-12.4 Debating: Lingua Franca--Beneficial or Detrimental?

--12.4 Debating: Lingua Franca--Beneficial or Detrimental?

--12.4 Discussion

-12.5 Chinese Antithetical Couplets

--12.5 Chinese Antithetical Couplets

--12.5 Discussion

-Test 12

13 THE SPIRIT OF COMPETITION

-13.0 Introduction: Unforgettable Events

--13.0 Introduction: Unforgettable Events

-13.1 Lexical Learning by Analyzing Prefix and Suffix

--13.1 Lexical Learning by Analyzing Prefix and Suffix

-13.2 Sentence Patterns for Describing Unforgettable Events

--13.2 Sentence Patterns for Describing Unforgettable Events

--13.2 Discussion

-13.3 Flashback in Story Writing

--13.3 Flashback When Writing a Story

-13.4 Interpreting Competitive Culture

--13.4 Interpreting Competitive Culture

-13.5 Chinese Weiqi

--13.5 Chinese Weiqi

--13.5 Discussion

-Test 13

14 FUN MATTERS

-14.1 How do you feel about extreme sports? List your reasons.

--14.1 Lexical Chunks for Extreme Sports

-14.2 How to Use Parallelism

--14.2 How to Use Parallelism

-14.3 How to Write a Concluding Paragraph

--14.3 How to Write a Concluding Paragraph

--14.3 Discussion

-14.4 Taking Risks

--14.4 Taking Risks

-14.5 Peking Opera

--14.5 Peking Opera

--14.5 Discussion

-Test 14

15 GENES AND PERSONALITY

-15.1 Lexical Chunks for the Relationship between Happiness and Happiness Genes

--15.1 Lexical Chunks for the Relationship between Happiness and Happiness Genes

-15.2 How to Expand the Basic Sentence with Participles and Participle Phrases

--15.2 How to Expand the Basic Sentence with Participles and Participle Phrases

-15.3 Comparison and Contrast

--15.3 Comparison and Contrast

-15.4 The Road to Happiness

--15.4 The Road to Happiness

--15.4 Discussion

-15.5 Chinese Taoism

--15.5 Chinese Taoism

--15.5 Discussion

-Test 15

16 DIFFERENCES IN COMMUNICATION

-16.1 Lexical Chunks for the Linguistic Difference between Men and Women

--16.1 Lexical Chunks for the Linguistic Difference between Men and Women

-16.2 How to Vary Sentences by Using Adverb Modifiers

--16.2 How to Vary Sentences by Using Adverb Modifiers

-16.3 How to Write an Introductory Paragraph

--16.3 How to Write an Introductory Paragraph

-16.4 How to Avoid Misunderstanding between Men and Women

--16.4 How to Avoid Misunderstanding between Men and Women

--16.4 Discussion

-16.5 Chinese Idioms

--16.5 Chinese Idioms

--16.5 Discussion

-Test 16

期末考试

-Final Test

15.2 How to Expand the Basic Sentence with Participles and Participle Phrases笔记与讨论

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