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Majesty and divinity from bronze ware课程教案、知识点、字幕

我们现在给大家介绍青铜器当中

最重要的一种器物

就是鼎

现在我们大家看到的是

至今出土的最大的一个鼎

就是司母戊方鼎

我们现在来看

司母戊方鼎的一些细节

那么我们看到

司母戊方鼎的基本造型

它是呈矩形立方体的

它的两边有厚重的提手也就是所谓的耳

那么在司母戊方鼎上

它基本的造型

是我们通常所说的饕餮纹

饕餮纹是由当时的人们

抽象出来的凶猛的动物的图案

进行拼贴而成的

这些动物图案

我们应当可以看出来

它主要是比如说虎 牛 豹子等等

这样的一些图案组合的

它给人的感觉是一种

超常的凶猛凌厉的造型

看这个司母戊方鼎

我们感受到应该是一种

庄重 肃穆 严厉

实际上也就是商周之际的权利的象征

关于青铜动物纹样的意义

现在还没有定论

比较典型的有两种说法

一个是当代学者李泽厚的一种说法

他说青铜图纹主要的意义

在于建立一种对观看者的

神秘威吓力量

还有一种说法

是考古学家张光直的说法

他说这些青铜图纹

并不是普通人都能看到的

而只有进行占卜打卦

也就是所谓巫术行为的巫觋们才能看到

说它的作用主要是

建立一种人神相通

也就是巫觋通天的力量的

关于鼎的作用也有多种说法

那么在《左传》当中的一个说法就是

鼎既代表着权利

但更代表着德政

是一个朝廷

或者说一个君王有德的表现

有德就可以得到鼎

无德即使得到了鼎也会丧失鼎

所以就是在德不在鼎

在青铜器的造型中

还有一个很独特的造型

这就是现在我们看到的

商代的青铜器叫做虎食人卣的造型

一只老虎在怀中

抱着一个像婴儿一样的人

这只老虎张开大口

而人的头颅就在口下

似乎是随时会被这只老虎的大口吞噬

那么怎样来解释这只老虎和人的关系

《吕氏春秋》说

周鼎著饕餮

有首无身

食人未咽

害及其身

以言报更也

按照这段话的意思就是说

老虎吃人但是没有咽下去

所以呢 自己受害了

但是张光直先生

他有不同的说法

他说青铜艺术中的动物

可以张口乘风以为巫觋升天

助一臂之力

巫觋形象 动物助手 以及嘘气成风的兽口

在一件青铜器上相结合

恰以一种最完整的形式

记录了 甚至引发了天地沟通的行为

张光直先生的意思是说

这个看似老虎食人的造型

实际上是老虎通过它的独特的力量

形成一种强劲的推动

使作为巫觋的人

能够和天地之间建立一种联系

就是他所说的

引发了天地沟通的行为

张光直对鼎和卣的造型的解释

都是在试图说明

这些图文或者是形体 它们的基本意义

在于表现巫觋

在作为人和神之间

天和地之间的沟通者

所具有的特殊的功能

那么在中原地区之外

与商周青铜器大致同时的

还有西南地区出土的

三星堆的青铜器物

三星堆的青铜器物

它也主要是用于祭祀

那么这些青铜器

有一个很重要的特点

正如我们在画面上所看到的

人像的眼睛特别地突出

像两根柱子一样的从眼眶向外刺出

这就是被称为纵目巨人的

三星堆青铜器的造型

这种巨大的面具而且暴凸的

像圆柱一样的眼珠

当然不会是我们自然的人的形象

它实际上是在表现一种

超现实的神奇的魔力

所以把人的自然形象

进行极度的夸张变形

当然这个纵目的造型

主要是要强化这个面具

所具有的超人的神奇的力量

这种力量主要是目光的力量

所以在这里边我们会看到

在公元前2000年左右

中国的艺术家他们已经具有一种

自由夸张的造型艺术力量

这些造型在祭祀活动当中

应该不是普通的人可以带的面具

也是特殊的人群

比如说祭司或者巫觋

甚至可能是他们的部落酋长

或者是君王的造型

与此相类比呢 我们可以看到

同样在三星堆出土的一些雕刻当中

我们看到一些双手被捆绑

而且双腿下跪的这样一些造型

这些造型它们的共同特点就是

它们的眼睛不仅不是纵目

而是很简约地被刻画了一个线条

以此来表示眼睛

我们从他们下跪

和双手被捆绑的姿势可以看到

他们大概是奴隶或者俘虏

他们不是自由人 更不是尊贵的人

我们把两种造型相与比较

一个是纵目巨人

一个是近似于盲眼的小人

这两种造型其实反映了

当时的社会的阶级的差别

或者是尊卑的差别

所以纵目它是一种特殊的

威严和权威的表现

我们知道青铜器

它的主要作用是

用于政治性的祭祀礼仪活动

但是青铜器还有一些

生活性很强的艺术品

比如现在我们看到的这个牧猪奴

它表现的是生活情趣浓郁的一个场面

你看一只肥硕的猪

在它的上面骑着一个小孩

虽然他是一个奴隶

但是他可以对这个猪

表现他的洋洋自得

应该说如果我们不知道他是一个奴隶

我们只把他看成一个单纯的小孩

他骑在猪的脖子上

非常令人欢悦的一个造型

Western and Chinese Art: Masters and Classics课程列表:

1.A Survey of Art: Subjects and Methodology

-1.1Factual impairment between image and message

--Factual impairment between image and message

-1.2Relationship between Fact and Truth

--Relationship between Fact and Truth

-1.3The image revelry in the information age

--The image revelry in the information age

-1.4 Nature, animal and human body art

--Nature, animal and human body art

-1.5 Art: from concrete bodies to metaphorical constructions

--Art: from concrete bodies to metaphorical constructions

-1.6 On defining art

--On defining art

-1.7 Globalization and Consumerism

--Globalization and Consumerism

-1.8 Art and Anti-art

--Art and Anti-art

-1.9The value classics hold to the modern time

--The value classics hold to the modern time

-Homework1

2. The Dawn of Icon: Masterpieces by Unknown Artists

-2.1 The occurrence of prehistoric art

--The occurrence of prehistoric art

-2.2 Mysterious cave mural paintings

--Mysterious cave mural paintings

-2.3 Symbolism of rock engravings

--Symbolism of rock engravings

-2.4 Expressive functions about prehistoric painting

--Expressive functions about prehistoric painting

-2.5 Aesthetic characters of prehistoric art

--Aesthetic characters of prehistoric art

-2.6 The tribal art of bodily operation

--The tribal art of bodily operation

-2.7 The construction to reach the heaven

--The construction to reach the heaven

-2.8 Immortal art in ancient Egyptian

-- Immortal art in ancient Egyptian

-Homework2

3.Mythological creation of beauty: From Homer to Phidias

-3.1 The relationship between mythology and Greek culture

--The relationship between mythology and Greek culture

-3.2 The marks of the epics written by Homer

--The marks of the epics written by Homer

-3.3 Three greatest tragedy drammatists in Greece

--Three greatest tragedy drammatists in Greece

-3.4 The aesthetics woven into ancient Greek architecture

--The aesthetics woven into ancient Greek architecture

-3.5 The ancient Greek sculpture

--The ancient Greek sculpture

-3.6 The Greek sculpture of the classic age

--The Greek sculpture of the classic age

-3.7 Works of Phidias

--Works of Phidias

-3.8 The essence and verve of ancient Greek classical art

--The essence and verve of ancient Greek classical art

-Homework3

4.Majesty and Divinity: From Bronze Ware to Han Stone Rrelief

-4.1The beginning of Chinese painting and Calligraphy

--The beginning of Chinese painting and Calligraphy

-4.2 Majesty and divinity from bronze ware

--Majesty and divinity from bronze ware

-4.3 The Duke Mao Tripod and eternal characters

--The Duke Mao Tripod and eternal characters

-4.4The Philosophy of Chuang Tzu

--The Philosophy of Chuang Tzu

-4.5Qin Shi Huang’s Terracotta Warriors

--Qin Shi Huang’s Terracotta Warriors

-4.6The painting in the Han Dynasty

--The painting in the Han Dynasty

-4.7 The sculpture in the Han Dynasty

--The sculpture in the Han Dynasty

-Homework4

5.Grief and Transcendence: Wang Xizhi and Gu Kaizhi

-5.1Master Chuang Tzu's impact on the Wei and Jin Dynasties

--Master Chuang Tzu's impact on the Wei and Jin Dynasties

-5.2Talking about Ji Kang

--Talking about Ji Kang

-5.3 The general spirit of the Wei and Jin Dynasties

--The general spirit of the Wei and Jin Dynasties

-5.4 Wang Xizhi and his unrivalled attainment in calligraphy

--Wang Xizhi and his unrivalled attainment in calligraphy

-5.5 A Preface to the Orchid Pavilion

-- A Preface to the Orchid Pavilion

-5.6 The penmanship of two famous calligraphers surnamed Wang

--The penmanship of two famous calligraphers surnamed Wang

-5.7Gu Kaizhi and his painting

--Gu Kaizhi and his painting

-5.8 Great poet Tao Yuanming

--Great poet Tao Yuanming

-Homework5

6.Unrestrained-ness and unconventional-ness: Zhang Xu and Wu Daozi

-6.1The Chan School in the Tang dynasty

--The Chan School in the Tang dynasty

-6.2“Cursive King”: Zhang Xu

--“Cursive King”: Zhang Xu

-6.3《Four Calligraphy Works of Ancient Poems》

--《Four Calligraphy Works of Ancient Poems》

-6.4Zhang Xu and Huai Su

--Zhang Xu and Huai Su

-6.5Wu Daozi and his paintings

--Wu Daozi and his paintings

-6.6Wang Wei and Chinese landscape painting

--Wang Wei and Chinese landscape painting

-6.7The relation of painting and poetry

--The relation of painting and poetry

-Homework6

7. Earthliness and Holiness: Giotto and Jan Van Eyck

-7.1 The beginning of Renaissance: Giotto

--The beginning of Renaissance: Giotto

-7.2 Giotto’s naturalism

--Giotto’s naturalism

-7.3 The frescoes in the Arenal Chapel

--The frescoes in the Arenal Chapel

-7.4 The Renaissance artist in north Europe: Robert Campin

--The Renaissance artist in north Europe: Robert Campin

-7.5 The Ghent Altarpiece

--The Ghent Altarpiece

-7.6 Jan Van Eyck’s secular paintings

-- Jan Van Eyck’s secular paintings

-Homework7

8. The Blossoming of Holiness: From Da Vinci to Titian

-8.1 The beauty of dawn during Renaissance

--The beauty of dawn during Renaissance

-8.2 The reproducer of nature: Da Vinci

--The reproducer of nature: Da Vinci

-8.3 The immortal work Mona Lisa

--The immortal work Mona Lisa

-8.4 The classicism of Raphael

--The classicism of Raphael

-8.5 The Sistine Chapel ceiling

--The Sistine Chapel ceiling

-8.6 The mythology and sculpture of Moses

--The mythology and sculpture of Moses

-8.7 Michelangelo's struggle between life and death

-- Michelangelo's struggle between life and death

-8.8 The perceptual Titian and Venice

--The perceptual Titian and Venice

-Homework8

9.Nature and Human Nature: Rubens, Poussin and Rembrandt

-9.1Rubens and the Baroque Art

--Rubens and the Baroque Art

-9.2Poussin and his classical spirit

--Poussin and his classical spirit

-9.3Rembrandt and his aptitude of wielding light and shadow

--Rembrandt and his aptitude of wielding light and shadow

-9.4 Rembrandt in his self-portrait

--Rembrandt in his self-portrait

-9.5 Vermeer and his painting

--Vermeer and his painting

-Homework9

10.Verve and Character: From Wang Wei to Ni Zan

-10.1Landscape painting from the Five Dynasties period to the Northern Song Dynasty

--Landscape painting from the Five Dynasties period to the Northern Song Dynasty

-10.2 Creating painting out of poetry by Emperor Huizong of Song

--Creating painting out of poetry by Emperor Huizong of Song

-10.3 Viewing the small through the large

--Viewing the small through the large

-10.4 Combining the tangible with the intangible

--Combining the tangible with the intangible

-10.5 The atmosphere of freedom, detachedness and ease of landscape painting

-- The atmosphere of freedom, detachedness and ease of landscape painting

-10.6 Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains

--Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains

-10.7 Friendliness in Ni Zan’s painting

--Friendliness in Ni Zan’s painting

-10.8 A pristine and boundless world in Ni Zan’s painting

--A pristine and boundless world in Ni Zan’s painting

-Homework10

11.Personality and Love for Ridicule: Xu Wei the Lunatic

-11.1The origin and expression of the madman culture

--The origin and expression of the madman culture

-11.2 The madman Li Zhi

--The madman Li Zhi

-11.3 Xu Wei: from gifted scholar to mad man

--Xu Wei: from gifted scholar to mad man

-11.4 The aesthetic ideology of Xu Wei

--The aesthetic ideology of Xu Wei

-11.5 Xu Wei’s notions and theories on painting practise

--Xu Wei’s notions and theories on painting practise

-11.6 Miscellaneous Plants and Flowers

--Miscellaneous Plants and Flowers

-11.7 Drunkenness in Xu Wei's art

--Drunkenness in Xu Wei's art

-Homework11

12.The Transition of Classicism: From David to Courbet

-12.1 Winckelmann

--Winckelmann

-12.2 Neoclassical master: David

--Neoclassical master: David

-12.3 The Death of Marat

--The Death of Marat

-12.4 The Intervention of the Sabine Women

--The Intervention of the Sabine Women

-12.5 The aestheticism works by Ingres

--The aestheticism works by Ingres

-12.6 The contrast between photography and paintings

--The contrast between photography and paintings

-12.7 Courbet and realism

--Courbet and realism

-Homework12

13.The Philosophy and Painting of Romanticism

-13.1 Rousseau and emotionalism

--Rousseau and emotionalism

-13.2 Kant's view about the beautiful and the sublime

--Kant's view about the beautiful and the sublime

-13.3 Goethe, from Werther to Faust

--Goethe, from Werther to Faust

-13.4 Byron, romantic hero

--Byron, romantic hero

-13.5 The painting laws of Romanticism

--The painting laws of Romanticism

-13.6 John Constable

--John Constable

-13.7 The world of Turner

--The world of Turner

-Homework13

14.Experience and Contemplation: Van Gogh and Cézanne

-14.1 Western modernism and Rodin

--Western modernism and Rodin

-14.2 The Gates of Hell

--The Gates of Hell

-14.3 Painting conception of Manet

--Painting conception of Manet

-14.4 Impressionism of Monet

--Impressionism of Monet

-14.5 Cezanne:the Father of the art of modernism

--Cezanne:the Father of the art of modernism

-14.6 Van Gogh:painting and life

--Van Gogh:painting and life

-14.7 The art value of Van Gogh

--The art value of Van Gogh

-Homework14

15.Boundless Art: From Marcel Duchamp to Andy Warhol

-15.1 art modernism

--art modernism

-15.2 porcelain urinal of Marcel Duchamp

--porcelain urinal of Marcel Duchamp

-15.3 This is not a pipe

--This is not a pipe

-15.4 The great innovation artist: Picasso

--The great innovation artist: Picasso

-15.5 the infinity of art

--the infinity of art

-15.6 the art after Andy Warhol

--the art after Andy Warhol

-Homework15

Final exam

-Final exam

Majesty and divinity from bronze ware笔记与讨论

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