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画家为自己画肖像
在西方绘画史上是很普遍的
但是一位画家一生当中
为自己描绘了数以十计的肖像
可能伦勃朗是绝无仅有的
我们现在看到的是
伦勃朗1629年为自己画的肖像
此时的伦勃朗正值青春韶华时节
在深灰色的背景上
他那一半在暗影中
一半在光亮中的面容
给予我们的
是一个自信坚毅而沉思着的面容
我们再看他1634年的肖像
这个肖像与前面
1629年的肖像相比
多了几许调侃 幽默 机智 自信
这个时候的伦勃朗已经
开始作为一个知名的青年画家
具有非常大的肖像画市场
我们现在看到的是
伦勃朗1640年的自画像
在画面上我们看到了一位踌躇满志
用一种居高临下的眼神
凝视着世界的中年伦勃朗
这个时候的伦勃朗在绘画艺术
和绘画商业上都达到了顶峰
他在阿姆斯特丹拥有了
自己的产业和豪宅
而在第二年他就创作了
著名的《夜巡者》(《夜巡》)
我们来看他1654年的自画像
这个时期的伦勃朗年仅48岁
犹如画面所展示
已经过早地进入了
老年的贫困和寂寞
他在《夜巡者》(《夜巡》)绘画之后
基本上没有什么订单
成为一个逐渐被当时的绘画市场
淡漠甚至遗弃的画家
他在商业上的失败也使他债台高筑
我们看画面上他的衣帽都是陈旧
甚至破损的
尤其是我们来看他的这一张面孔
给人的感觉是一种
历经人间创伤之后的疲惫
病困 寂寞
和有无限的凄凉无奈
然而在这张面容上
我们会出人意外地看到
一双尖锐不屈的眼神
透过这双眼睛我们看到的
伦勃朗是一位不屈于世俗
而独立前行的执着的艺术探索者
伦勃朗之所以逐渐地被
绘画市场淡漠 遗弃
关键在于他所使用的粗笔绘画
正如我们在这幅肖像画上所看到的
他在画面上尤其是在人的皮肤上
保持了粗砺的笔触
而不像古典绘画那样
使绘画的表面被细腻的光晕所笼罩
伦勃朗之所以使用这种粗砺的笔触
来进行绘画
是因为他发现了
在这种笔触当中特有的
对于人生尖锐的表现力量
他的这种粗率的笔触只有到了
十九世纪后期的梵高那里
才会得到遥远的回应
而当时他作为一个
过于超前的先行者
不被理解和接受
我们现在看到的是
伦勃朗1659年的自画像
这个时候的伦勃朗是更加地衰老
然而
我们看到他笔直挺立的上身
和他坚毅果决的表情
使这幅色调凝重的肖像画
展示出一种鼓舞人心的生命锐气
伦勃朗1669年去世
在他最后的肖像画中我们看到
这个满脸病容的老人他的眼神
已经不再具有50年代肖像画
当中的那种坚毅果决
但是他仍然是深邃的
他是不是用最后的神光
来看一眼这个世界
而他离去之际
对于自己的生命和创作
仍然是充满自信和坚定的
伦勃朗为什么一生
为自己描绘这么多肖像画
应当说他是这样一个画家
与其说把自己作为画家的眼光
更多的投向世界
而不是说他更多的投向自己的生命
自己的内在世界
他通过肖像的描绘在
表现着自己的内心
也表现着自己对于世界的观看
所以
当我们在观看伦勃朗的绘画的时候
我们同时看到了
伦勃朗所看到的世界
贡布里希曾经指出
如果我们把伦勃朗的自画像
和达芬奇的《蒙娜丽莎》相比较
就会发现
达芬奇的《蒙娜丽莎》
无论多么客观写实
仍然遵循了古典主义的
优美理想的原则
而在伦勃朗这里
正如他粗率不羁的笔触
他表现的是画家本人
他的内心和他内心
对这个世界的感触
努力通过他的绘画穿透我们的心灵
把他真实的自我展示于我们
-1.1Factual impairment between image and message
--Factual impairment between image and message
-1.2Relationship between Fact and Truth
--Relationship between Fact and Truth
-1.3The image revelry in the information age
--The image revelry in the information age
-1.4 Nature, animal and human body art
--Nature, animal and human body art
-1.5 Art: from concrete bodies to metaphorical constructions
--Art: from concrete bodies to metaphorical constructions
-1.6 On defining art
-1.7 Globalization and Consumerism
--Globalization and Consumerism
-1.8 Art and Anti-art
-1.9The value classics hold to the modern time
--The value classics hold to the modern time
-Homework1
-2.1 The occurrence of prehistoric art
--The occurrence of prehistoric art
-2.2 Mysterious cave mural paintings
--Mysterious cave mural paintings
-2.3 Symbolism of rock engravings
--Symbolism of rock engravings
-2.4 Expressive functions about prehistoric painting
--Expressive functions about prehistoric painting
-2.5 Aesthetic characters of prehistoric art
--Aesthetic characters of prehistoric art
-2.6 The tribal art of bodily operation
--The tribal art of bodily operation
-2.7 The construction to reach the heaven
--The construction to reach the heaven
-2.8 Immortal art in ancient Egyptian
-- Immortal art in ancient Egyptian
-Homework2
-3.1 The relationship between mythology and Greek culture
--The relationship between mythology and Greek culture
-3.2 The marks of the epics written by Homer
--The marks of the epics written by Homer
-3.3 Three greatest tragedy drammatists in Greece
--Three greatest tragedy drammatists in Greece
-3.4 The aesthetics woven into ancient Greek architecture
--The aesthetics woven into ancient Greek architecture
-3.5 The ancient Greek sculpture
-3.6 The Greek sculpture of the classic age
--The Greek sculpture of the classic age
-3.7 Works of Phidias
-3.8 The essence and verve of ancient Greek classical art
--The essence and verve of ancient Greek classical art
-Homework3
-4.1The beginning of Chinese painting and Calligraphy
--The beginning of Chinese painting and Calligraphy
-4.2 Majesty and divinity from bronze ware
--Majesty and divinity from bronze ware
-4.3 The Duke Mao Tripod and eternal characters
--The Duke Mao Tripod and eternal characters
-4.4The Philosophy of Chuang Tzu
--The Philosophy of Chuang Tzu
-4.5Qin Shi Huang’s Terracotta Warriors
--Qin Shi Huang’s Terracotta Warriors
-4.6The painting in the Han Dynasty
--The painting in the Han Dynasty
-4.7 The sculpture in the Han Dynasty
--The sculpture in the Han Dynasty
-Homework4
-5.1Master Chuang Tzu's impact on the Wei and Jin Dynasties
--Master Chuang Tzu's impact on the Wei and Jin Dynasties
-5.2Talking about Ji Kang
-5.3 The general spirit of the Wei and Jin Dynasties
--The general spirit of the Wei and Jin Dynasties
-5.4 Wang Xizhi and his unrivalled attainment in calligraphy
--Wang Xizhi and his unrivalled attainment in calligraphy
-5.5 A Preface to the Orchid Pavilion
-- A Preface to the Orchid Pavilion
-5.6 The penmanship of two famous calligraphers surnamed Wang
--The penmanship of two famous calligraphers surnamed Wang
-5.7Gu Kaizhi and his painting
-5.8 Great poet Tao Yuanming
-Homework5
-6.1The Chan School in the Tang dynasty
--The Chan School in the Tang dynasty
-6.2“Cursive King”: Zhang Xu
-6.3《Four Calligraphy Works of Ancient Poems》
--《Four Calligraphy Works of Ancient Poems》
-6.4Zhang Xu and Huai Su
-6.5Wu Daozi and his paintings
-6.6Wang Wei and Chinese landscape painting
--Wang Wei and Chinese landscape painting
-6.7The relation of painting and poetry
--The relation of painting and poetry
-Homework6
-7.1 The beginning of Renaissance: Giotto
--The beginning of Renaissance: Giotto
-7.2 Giotto’s naturalism
-7.3 The frescoes in the Arenal Chapel
--The frescoes in the Arenal Chapel
-7.4 The Renaissance artist in north Europe: Robert Campin
--The Renaissance artist in north Europe: Robert Campin
-7.5 The Ghent Altarpiece
-7.6 Jan Van Eyck’s secular paintings
-- Jan Van Eyck’s secular paintings
-Homework7
-8.1 The beauty of dawn during Renaissance
--The beauty of dawn during Renaissance
-8.2 The reproducer of nature: Da Vinci
--The reproducer of nature: Da Vinci
-8.3 The immortal work Mona Lisa
-8.4 The classicism of Raphael
-8.5 The Sistine Chapel ceiling
-8.6 The mythology and sculpture of Moses
--The mythology and sculpture of Moses
-8.7 Michelangelo's struggle between life and death
-- Michelangelo's struggle between life and death
-8.8 The perceptual Titian and Venice
--The perceptual Titian and Venice
-Homework8
-9.1Rubens and the Baroque Art
-9.2Poussin and his classical spirit
--Poussin and his classical spirit
-9.3Rembrandt and his aptitude of wielding light and shadow
--Rembrandt and his aptitude of wielding light and shadow
-9.4 Rembrandt in his self-portrait
--Rembrandt in his self-portrait
-9.5 Vermeer and his painting
-Homework9
-10.1Landscape painting from the Five Dynasties period to the Northern Song Dynasty
--Landscape painting from the Five Dynasties period to the Northern Song Dynasty
-10.2 Creating painting out of poetry by Emperor Huizong of Song
--Creating painting out of poetry by Emperor Huizong of Song
-10.3 Viewing the small through the large
--Viewing the small through the large
-10.4 Combining the tangible with the intangible
--Combining the tangible with the intangible
-10.5 The atmosphere of freedom, detachedness and ease of landscape painting
-- The atmosphere of freedom, detachedness and ease of landscape painting
-10.6 Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains
--Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains
-10.7 Friendliness in Ni Zan’s painting
--Friendliness in Ni Zan’s painting
-10.8 A pristine and boundless world in Ni Zan’s painting
--A pristine and boundless world in Ni Zan’s painting
-Homework10
-11.1The origin and expression of the madman culture
--The origin and expression of the madman culture
-11.2 The madman Li Zhi
-11.3 Xu Wei: from gifted scholar to mad man
--Xu Wei: from gifted scholar to mad man
-11.4 The aesthetic ideology of Xu Wei
--The aesthetic ideology of Xu Wei
-11.5 Xu Wei’s notions and theories on painting practise
--Xu Wei’s notions and theories on painting practise
-11.6 Miscellaneous Plants and Flowers
--Miscellaneous Plants and Flowers
-11.7 Drunkenness in Xu Wei's art
-Homework11
-12.1 Winckelmann
-12.2 Neoclassical master: David
-12.3 The Death of Marat
-12.4 The Intervention of the Sabine Women
--The Intervention of the Sabine Women
-12.5 The aestheticism works by Ingres
--The aestheticism works by Ingres
-12.6 The contrast between photography and paintings
--The contrast between photography and paintings
-12.7 Courbet and realism
-Homework12
-13.1 Rousseau and emotionalism
-13.2 Kant's view about the beautiful and the sublime
--Kant's view about the beautiful and the sublime
-13.3 Goethe, from Werther to Faust
--Goethe, from Werther to Faust
-13.4 Byron, romantic hero
-13.5 The painting laws of Romanticism
--The painting laws of Romanticism
-13.6 John Constable
-13.7 The world of Turner
-Homework13
-14.1 Western modernism and Rodin
-14.2 The Gates of Hell
-14.3 Painting conception of Manet
--Painting conception of Manet
-14.4 Impressionism of Monet
-14.5 Cezanne:the Father of the art of modernism
--Cezanne:the Father of the art of modernism
-14.6 Van Gogh:painting and life
-14.7 The art value of Van Gogh
-Homework14
-15.1 art modernism
-15.2 porcelain urinal of Marcel Duchamp
--porcelain urinal of Marcel Duchamp
-15.3 This is not a pipe
-15.4 The great innovation artist: Picasso
--The great innovation artist: Picasso
-15.5 the infinity of art
-15.6 the art after Andy Warhol
-Homework15
-Final exam