Commentary资料文件与下载

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We were unable to gain free access to this book excerpt for MOOC participants. For those without institutional access, we summarize the main points below.

大型开放式网络课程（MOOC）学员无法获得免费的书籍摘录。为此，我们特意将重点整理如下，以供无法访问的人参考。

In this reading, four separate sections (pages 1 - 9, 22 - 24, 37 - 40, and 82-86) of his book, Social Impact Assessment: An Introduction, C. J. Barrow defines a social impact as a “significant or lasting change in people’s lives brought about by a given action or actions” and social impact assessment (SIA) as the “systematic, iterative, ideally ex-ante, assessment of such changes.” Barrow’s introduction reveals SIA to be a less well-defined process than EIA due in part to its more recent emergence as an analytical tool. While often incorporated into required EIAs, SIA can also be conducted outside of the EIA process. Developers are increasingly using separate SIAs to understand the social, cultural, and economic impacts of development projects.

本篇阅读材料节选自C.J.巴罗的作品《社会影响评估入门》，共分为四个独立的部分（第1-9页，22-24页，37-40页及82-86页）。作者在书中将社会影响定义为“某种或多种特定行为对人民生活造成的重大或长远变化”，并将社会影响评估（SIA）定义为“最好是事前对上述变化所做的系统、反复的评价”。我们从巴罗的介绍中可以看出，相对EIA而言，SIA是一种定义不够明确的过程，这在某种程度上是因为它是一种新型分析工具。虽然SIA通常被融入必需的EIA过程中，但它也可以独立于EIA过程之外单独展开。越来越多的开发商通过单独展开SIA来分析开发项目造成的社会、文化及经济影响。

Barrow highlights the goals of a well-crafted SIA 巴罗强调，一个精心准备的SIA应达到如下目标:

• Mitigate the social impacts of proposed developments 缓和拟开发项目的负面社会影响
• Explore and maximize positive impacts 探索积极影响，并将其最大化
• Document examples of past development that will allow for improvements in future development 记录以往开发项目实例，以供后期开发项目改进

Barrow lays out an eight step process for conducting an SIA (similar to the steps in an EIA): scoping, formulation of alternatives, profiling, projection, assessment, evaluation, mitigation, and monitoring. He suggests that the design and implementation of a robust management regime should be the final step in a comprehensive SIA process. Barrow also argues that SIAs involve both “art and a science,” and benefit from the inclusion of qualitative social analysis. He warns that over-reliance on quantitative assessment risks obscuring important insights that can be gleaned from first-hand observation.

巴罗提出了展开SIA的八大步骤（与EIA的类似）：范围界定、可选方案陈述、性能分析、投射、评估、评价、缓解及监测。他认为，一个全面的SIA过程的最后一步，应该是设计一套健康的管理体制并将其付诸实践。他还认为，SIA既是一门艺术，又是一门科学，它可以从定性社会分析中受益。最后他告诫所有人，过度依赖定量评价可能会让我们忽略重要的洞察力，而这些洞察力是通过第一手观察就可以获得的。

As of yet, there is no standard SIA methodology. Barrow notes that most SIAs begin with an effort to describe the status quo and then move on to projecting future conditions with or without the proposed development. He divides the vast array of SIA techniques into two categories: extrapolative and normative. These span the spectrum from quantitative tools such as trend analysis and modeling, to more qualitative, inclusionary methods, such as simulations, gaming, and group brainstorming. As most SIAs are part of time-sensitive planning efforts, they must use techniques that can provide results on a rushed schedule.

然而，暂时还没有SIA相关的标准方法论。巴罗注意到，大多数SIA最初都以描述现状开头，然后投射到包含或者未包含拟开发项目的未来状况。他将复杂的SIA方法分成了两种：推断法和标准法。这其中包含了趋势分析与建模等定量工具以及模拟、游戏、小组头脑风暴等更具包容性的定性方法。大多数SIA都是具有时效性的规划项目，所以其必须使用相关技巧，以便在日程紧凑的情况下得出结论。

Reflection questions 思考:

1. SIAs are intended to minimize negative social impacts and maximize positive social benefits. What are ways in which socially-responsible real estate development can achieve positive social benefits SIA的目的是将负面的社会影响降到最低，并将积极的社会效益最大化。有社会责任的房地产开发项目可通过哪些方法达到积极的社会效益?

2. Public involvement is a key ingredient in socially responsible real estate development. How can developers ensure that the public has a meaningful role in the shaping of a SIA 公众参与是有社会责任的房地产开发项目中的一个关键组成部分。开发商应如何确保公众在SIA的形成过程中有效发挥作用?

3. For Barrow, SIAs involve both “art and a science.” Do you agree? What does this distinction mean for the practice of SIA 巴罗认为SIA既是一门艺术，又是一门科学。你同意这种观点吗？在SIA的实际操作中，这种区别意味着什么?