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Overview of Social Impact Assessment 

                  社会影响评估综述

The practice of Social Impact Assessment developed over the past four or five decades in conjunction with the emergence of EIA requirements in a number of countries. It was clear from the outset that social impacts (or the consequences of development on residents and the life of a community) had to be included in any comprehensive analysis of environmental impacts.

在过去的四五十年间，随着环境影响评估（EIA）的出现，社会影响评估逐渐在众多国家发展起来。显然，从一开始，社会影响（或者称为开发对社区居民及其生活的影响）属于环境影响综合分析的一部分。

SIA has been defined in terms of efforts to assess or estimate ahead of time the social consequences likely to be caused by specific policy actions, government efforts, or development.  It provides a framework for prioritizing, gathering, analyzing, and incorporating social information and participation into the design and delivery of development interventions.  SIA is meant to ensure that development takes account of relevant social issues and incorporates participation strategies for involving a wide range of stakeholders. 

SIA是指为了提前评估或者预测某种政策行为、政府措施或项目开发可能带来的社会影响而所做的工作，为主次排列、汇集信息、分析信息提供了框架，并将社会信息与居民参与度融入到设计与开发干预措施中，旨在确保在项目开发的同时兼顾相关社会问题，并加强不同利益相关方的参与度。

In the earliest years, SIA focused on the jobs likely to be created or lost as a result of a proposed development and the impact of a proposed development on land (and housing) prices.  Developers wanted to provide this information to balance the sense that their proposed projects would only have “negative” environmental impacts.

最初，SIA注重于拟开发项目可能新增或者减少的工作岗位，以及拟开发项目对土地（及住房）价格的影响。开发商希望通过提供这种信息来抵消人们心中对于拟开发项目只能带来“负面”环境影响的不平衡感。

Over time, SIA specialists began to develop modeling tools that allowed them to analyze a more complete range of social impacts. These began with Stakeholder Assessment, differentiating the range of impacts likely to be caused by a proposed project and how these would affect different sub-groups of the population (by income, class, race, etc.).

随着时代发展，SIA专家开始研发建模工具，希望能更全面地分析社会影响。第一个建模工具是利益相关方评估，该项评估可以区分拟开发项目可能引发的影响范围，以及它们将对不同人群（按收入、阶层、种族等分类）产生的不同影响。

Social impacts now focus on the “human dimensions of environment” including socio-cultural, institutional, historical, and political outcomes of development or investment decisions and sectoral policies.   They examine the way that proposed development projects or policies might affect social inclusion and cohesion, empower the poor and vulnerable, and create social risk of various kinds.

如今，社会影响侧重于开发或投资决定及行业政策等引起的“环境人文因素”，包括社会文化、体制、历史及政治方面的影响，在拟开发项目或拟实施政策如何影响社会包容性及社会凝聚力、如何帮助贫穷及弱势群体、如何引发不同社会风险等方面展开研究。

In some handbooks, social impacts are characterized as lifestyle impacts (i.e. the way people behave and relate to family, friends, and cohorts), cultural impacts (i.e. on shared customs, obligations, values, language, religious beliefs, and other elements that make a social or ethnic group distinct), community impacts (on infrastructure, service, voluntary organizations, activity networks, and cohesion), quality of life impacts (i.e. sense of place, aesthetics and heritage, perception of belonging, security, and livability), and health impacts (i.e. mental, physical, and social well-being).

一部分手册将社会影响定义为生活方式影响（即人们的行为方式以及他们与家人、朋友和同类人的关系）、文化影响（即成为某个社会团体或民族鲜明特色的风俗、责任、价值观、语言、宗教信仰及其他因素）、社区影响（与公共设施、服务、志愿组织、活动网络及凝聚力相关）、生活质量影响（即场所感、审美、传承、归属感、安全感及宜居性），以及健康影响（即心理健康、生理健康与社会福祉）。

The forecasting tools used to prepare SIAs are not well specified.  Assessors tend to invent forecasting methods that reflect the specific concerns raised during the EIA scoping process or of special concern to public officials or community advocacy groups. The techniques for producing credible SIAs almost all rely on extensive public or stakeholder input.  There are many formats for gathering, discussing, and applying the ideas and concerns that emerge from these various forms of public engagement.

用于实施SIA的预测工具尚没有详细说明。评估者倾向于自己找到能够反映具体关注点的预测方法，这些具体关注点要么在EIA确定范围的过程提出，要么对公务员或者社区宣传组具有特别意义。想要获得可信的SIA，主要取决于广泛的公共参与或者利益相关方参与。公众参与形式多种多样，可以依据不同模式收集、讨论或应用其中产生的想法和关注点。

In some parts of the world, SIAs are now commissioned routinely (independently of EIAs), especially when controversies arise over the likely displacement caused by proposed development activities.  Instead of focusing only on negative impacts, SIAs are also being used to create opportunities for dialogue among social groups, civil society, grassroots organizations, and different levels of government to determine what benefits might accrue from different versions of proposed projects. This has led some observers to question what they see as the “political” nature of social impact assessment. When questions come up about the “effectiveness” of SIA, the answer depends on whether SIA is being used only as a data collection tool (to meet a regulatory requirement) or whether it is intended to encourage developers to look for ways of minimizing adverse impacts – or ensure positive results (especially on groups like aboriginals who have often been excluded from SIA processes). If the effectiveness of SIA is measured by the actual impacts caused by the projects being assessed, then SIA efforts that do not include a provision for ongoing monitoring of impact are unlikely to be effective in ensuring favorable outcomes. The claim that SIAs are “political,” rather than scientific, are not a function of how impacts are assessed but more about the non-objective judgments that are made about who participates, how the findings are interpreted, and what is done to ensure beneficial outcomes are encouraged.

世界上某些国家现在将SIA作为常规事项处理（独立于EIA之外），尤其是对拟开发活动可能产生选址错误发生争议之时。SIA不仅注重负面影响，同时还能创造机会，在不同社会团体、民间团体、基层组织以及各级政府之间实现对话，确定拟开发项目的不同版本会带来哪些不同的福利。这让部分观察员对自己视作社会影响评估的“政治”性的东西产生了疑问。当SIA的“有效性”受到质疑时，其答案就取决于SIA是否仅用作数据收集的工具（来满足法规要求）或者其是否能够鼓励开发商寻求将负面影响（尤其是针对本地居民等经常被排除外SIA过程中的团体时）降到最低——或确保正面结果——的方法。如果SIA的有效性可以通过待评估项目所引起的实际影响来测量，那么未规定对影响进行持续监控的SIA举措将不太可能确保有利结果的产生。他们认为，SIA是“政治性”的，其并不科学，它不能反应影响评价的方式，更像是抽象判断，判断参与的主体是谁、结果该如何解释、以及为确保积极效果而采取了哪些措施。

The time frame for forecasting social impacts tends to be substantially shorter than the time frame used to forecast environmental impacts. New tools, like social network analysis, are being created all the time to make it easier to specify various social impacts likely to be caused by different kind of development. The experts who do social impact assessment tend to come from the applied social science fields rather than from environmental engineering.

预测社会影响的时间框架大大小于用于预测环境影响的时间框架。社会网络分析等新型工具的不断运用，让对不同种类开发项目所引起的不同社会影响进行说明变得日益简单。实施社会影响评估的专家一般来自应用社会科学领域，而非环境工程领域。

Mitigation of the social impacts likely to be caused by new projects or redevelopment efforts requires close monitoring and designation of responsibility (as part of an SIA) for ongoing efforts to avoid, reduce, or remediate the social impacts caused by new development. 

减轻新项目或再开发工作造成的社会影响，需要对一些持续的行为实施密切监控及责任指定（SIA的一部分），这些行为的目的是避免、减少或者修复新开发项目造成的社会影响。