2.3 U.K.: The Empire在线视频

Hi, welcome back.
嗨 欢迎回来

Last episode we talked about the kings and queens,
上一集我们讲的是国王和王后

and today we are going to talk about the glory
今天我们要谈论的是这个国家

of this nation once enjoyed.
曾经享有的荣耀

The empire.
大英帝国

The?British Empire comprised the dominions,
大英帝国包括其领土

colonies,protectorates,Mandates
殖民地 托管国 自治领

and other Territories ruled
和其他联合王国统治

or administrated by the United Kingdom.
或管理的领土

It originated with the overseas possessions
它起源于16世纪末

and trading post-established by England
至18世纪初英国建立的

between the late 16th and early 18th centuries.
海外财产和交易站

At its height,
在它的鼎盛时期

it was the largest empire in history
它是历史上最大的帝国

and for over a century,
一个多世纪以来

was the foremost global power.
它是世界上最重要的力量

By 1922
直到1922年

the British Empire held sway over
大英帝国统治着

about 458 million people,
约4亿5800万人口

one-fifth of the world's population at the time,
占当时世界人口的五分之一

and covered more than 33,670,000 km
而且覆盖超过33670000平方公里

almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area.
几乎占地球陆地总面积的四分之一

As a result, its political,legal,linguistic
因此 它的政治 法律 语言

and cultural legacy is widespread.
和文化遗产在全球流行

At the peak of its power,
在权力的顶峰

the phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets"
“日不落帝国”

was often used to describe the British Empire,
常用来形容大英帝国

because its expanse around the globe meant that
因为它遍布全球

the sun was always shining
意味着太阳永远照耀在

on at least one of its territories.
至少一个领土之上

Part 1 Origin
1 起源

The foundations of the British Empire
当英格兰和苏格兰是独立的王国时

were laid when England and Scotland
大英帝国的基础

were separate kingdoms.
就建立起来了

In 1496
在1496年

King Henry VII of England,
英国国王亨利七世

following the successes of Spain and Portugal
继“西班牙”和“葡萄牙”

in overseas exploration,
在海外勘探中取得成功后

Commissioned John Cabot
委托约翰・卡伯特带领

to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia
一艘舰队穿过北大西洋

via the North Atlantic.
开辟通往亚洲的航线

Cabot sailed in 1497,
卡伯特于1497启航

five years after the European discovery of America,
此时正值欧洲发现美洲后的第五年

and although he successfully made landfall
虽然他成功地在

on the coast of Newfoundland,
纽芬兰海岸登陆了

no further attempts to establish English colonies
但是直到16世纪最后几十年里

in the Americas were made
即伊丽莎白一世女王统治期间

until well into the reign of Queen Elizabeth I,
英国才在美洲

during the last decades of the 16th century.
建立殖民地

In the meantime the Protestant Reformation
与此同时 新教改革

had turned England and Catholic Spain
让英国和信奉天主教的西班牙成为

into implacable enemies.
仇敌

In 1562,
在1562年

the English Crown encouraged the privateers
英国王国鼓励海盗

John Hawkinsand Francis Drake to engage
约翰・霍金斯和弗朗西斯・德雷克

in slave-raiding attacks against
对西非海岸的西班牙和

Spanish and Portuguese ships
葡萄牙船只

off the coast of West Africa,
进行抢夺奴隶的突袭

with the aim of breaking into the Atlantic trade system.
目的是破坏大西洋贸易体系

This effort was rebuffed and later,
这一请求遭到了拒绝

as the Anglo-Spanish Wars intensified,
后来 随着英西战争的加剧

Elizabeth I gave her blessing to further privateering raids
伊丽莎白将希望寄托在海盗去

against Spanish ports in the Americas and shipping
突袭劫掠来自美洲的西班牙港口的船只

that was returning across the Atlantic,
这些船只横穿大西洋

laden with treasure from the New World.
装载着来自新世界的财宝

By this time,
此时

Spain had become the dominant power in the Americas
西班牙已经成为美洲上最强大的势力

and was exploring the Pacific Ocean,
探勘太平洋周围的资源

Portugal had established trading posts and forts
葡萄牙已建立了从非洲沿海

from the coasts of Africa and Brazil to China,
和巴西湾到中国的贸易据点

and France had begun
同时 法国已经开始

to settle the Saint Lawrence River area,
在圣劳伦斯河地区定居

later to become New France.
后来成为了新法国

Part 2 "First" British Empire
2 “第一”大英帝国

In 1578,
在1578年

Elizabeth I granted a patent to Humphrey Gilbert
伊丽莎白一世授予汉弗里・吉尔伯特

for discovery and overseas exploration.
发展和开拓海外的特许状

That year,
那年

Gilbert sailed for the West Indies
吉尔伯特乘船前往西印度群岛

with the intention of engaging in piracy
意图从事海盗活动

and establishing a colony in North America,
并在北美建立殖民地

but the expedition was aborted
但这次探险在横渡大西洋之前

before it had crossed the Atlantic.
就失败了

In 1583
在1583年

he embarked on a second attempt,
他开始了第二次尝试

on this occasion on the island of Newfoundland
这次是在纽芬兰岛上

whose harbour he formally claimed for England,
他正式要求岛国为英国提供港口

although no settlers were left behind.
即使没有留下定居者

In 1603,
在1603年

James I negotiated the Treaty of London,
詹姆斯一世谈判达成了“伦敦条约”

ending hostilities with Spain.
结束与西班牙的敌对行动

Now at peace with its main rival,
与主要对手达成和平后

English attention shifted
英国将注意力从

from preying on other nations' colonial infrastructures
掠夺其他国家的殖民基础设施

to the business of establishing its own overseas colonies.
转向建立自己的海外殖民地

The British Empire began to take shape
大英帝国在17世纪初开始形成

during the early 17th century,
与此同时

with the English settlement of North America
英格兰人占领了北美

and the smaller islands of the Caribbean,
和加勒比的小岛屿

and the establishment of private companies
并建立私人公司

to administer colonies and overseas trade,
管理殖民地和海外贸易

most notably the English East India Company,
其中最显著的是英国东印度公司

This period,
因此这一时期

has consequently been referred to by some historians
被一些历史学家称为

as the "First British Empire".
“第一大英帝国”

Part 3
3

Rise of the "Second" British Empire
第二大英帝国的崛起

Since 1718,
自1718年以来

transportation?to the American colonies had been a penalty
英国将各种刑事罪犯

for various criminal offences in Britain,
运送到美国殖民地作为惩罚

with approximately
每年大约

one thousand convicts transported per year
有1000名罪犯被运送到

across the Atlantic.
大西洋彼岸

Forced to find an alternative location
在1783年失去13个殖民地后

after the loss of the 13 Colonies in 1783,
英国政府不得不寻找新目标领土

the British government
于是他们

turned to the newly discovered lands of Australia.
继而转向在澳洲新发现的土地

Britain continued to transport convicts
英国把罪犯运送到新南威尔士的行为

to New South Wales until 1840.
一直持续到1840年

The Australian colonies became profitable exporters
澳大利亚殖民地成为了利润可观的羊毛

of wool and gold,
和黄金的出口地

mainly because of gold rushes in the colony of Victoria,
这主要归功于发生在维多利亚殖民地的淘金热

making its capital?Melbourne?the richest city in the world
使其首都墨尔本成为大英帝国仅次于伦敦的最大城市

and the largest city after?London?in the British Empire.
也是世界上最富有的城市

In 1770
在1770年

James Cook discovered the eastern coast of Australia ,
詹姆斯・库克发现了澳大利亚的东海岸

During his voyage, Cook also visited New Zealand,
在航行期间，库克还访问了新西兰

first discovered by Dutch explorer?Abel Tasman?in 1642,
新西兰最早由荷兰探险家阿贝尔・塔斯曼于在1642年发现

and claimed the North?
并于1769年和1770年

and?South?islands for the?British crown?
分别宣布北岛和南岛

in 1769 and 1770 respectively.
为英国所有

Part 4
4

Britain's imperial century
英国帝国世纪

Between 1815 and 1914,
1815年到1914年这段时间

a period referred to as Britain's "imperial century"
一些历史学家称之为

by some historians,
英国的“帝国世纪”

around 26,000,000 km?of territory
这段时期里 约有26亿平方公里的领土

and roughly 400 million people
和大约4亿人口

were added to the British Empire.
加入大英帝国

Victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious
在战胜拿破仑之后 亚洲的俄罗斯

international rival,
成为英国在国际上

other than Russia in central Asia.
唯一强大的对手

Unchallenged at sea,
因为在海上无人能及

Britain adopted the role of global policeman,
英国开始充当世界警察的角色

a state of affairs later known as the Pax Britannica,
后来世态被称为英国强权下的世界和平

and a foreign policy of "splendid isolation".
同时英国对外实行光荣孤立的政策

Alongside the formal control it
除了对殖民地的正式控制之外

exerted over its own colonies,
英国在世界贸易中的

Britain's dominant position in world trade meant that
主导地位意味着

it effectively controlled the economies of many countries,
它有效地控制了许多国家的经济

such as China, Argentina and Siam
例如中国 阿根廷和暹罗

which has been characterised by some historians as
一些历史学家称之为

"Informal Empire".
“非正式帝国”

Part 5 the Fall of the Empire
5 帝国的衰败

At the beginning of the 20th century,
在20世纪初

other countries began to compete with Britain
其他国家开始与英国争夺

for world control.
世界的主导权

The competition finally developed into wars.
这场竞争最终发展为战争

World War I broke out in 1914,
第一次世界大战于1914年爆发

and ended in 1918,
于1918年结束

followed by a worldwide economic crisis.
随之而来的是一场全球性的经济危机

Britain was badly hit by both disasters.
英国受到这两场灾难的严重打击

As a result its position in the world greatly weakened.
因此，它在世界上的地位大大削弱了

During the Second World War,
在第二次世界大战期间

many cities in Britain suffered a great deal
德国飞机的轰炸给英国的很多城市

from the bombing of German planes.
带来了极大的损失

And more than one fourth of the national wealth was lost
在战争年代 英国损失了国有

during the years of war.
四分之一以上的国有财富

More than this,
不仅如此

its former colonies became independent
它先前的殖民地

from the empire one after another
一个接着一个脱离帝国

until there were almost nothing left by 1970s.
到19世纪70年代 就只剩下零星几个殖民地

The British Empire became completely broken up.
大英帝国彻底瓦解了

Did you know?
你知道吗？

What is a COLONY?
什么是殖民地？

Colonies were those areas directly ruled by a governor
殖民地是由政府直接管理

on behalf of the British government
而政府代表着大英帝国

and representing the Crown.
以及国王

The governor was responsible to the Colonial Office
政府对在伦敦的

in London,
殖民部负责

although he usually had wide powers of discretion.
虽然自身也有着很大的自由决定权

These were the most common form of imperial control.
这些是最常见的帝国管理形式

Expeditions
远征队

English merchants
英国商人

had been voyaging into the Atlantic since about 1480,
从1480年开始就一直航行到大西洋

and one expedition,
在1942年前后的

either before or after 1492,
一次远征中

They had discovered the island of "Brasile,"
他们发现了“荆棘岛”

However,
然而

John Cabot believed
约翰・卡伯特认为

that this was the northeast corner of Asia,
这是亚洲的东北角

south of which would be found Japan
在它的南面将会现日本和

and the Great Khan's empire.
大可汗帝国