2.2 The Thrones Part B在线视频

2.2 The Thrones
2.2 王位

Part B

Part 1 Henry VIII
第一部分 亨利八世

We now come to Henry VIII,
当我们谈论到亨利八世时

whom it has been too much the fashion to call
他更多被人们称为“虚张声势国王哈尔”

“Bluff King Hal,” and “Burly King Harry”.
或者“魁梧的哈里国王”

Henry Tudor, son of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth York,
亨利都铎出生于1491年6月28日 是英格兰亨利七世

was born on June 28, 1491.
和伊丽莎白约克的儿子

Following the death of his father,
在他父亲死后

he became Henry VIII, king of England.
他成为英国国王亨利八世

Henry VIII is perhaps England’s most famous king
亨利八世也许是英国最著名的国王

because of his many wives.
这归功于他的众多妻子

He also played a big role in the separation
在英格兰教会从罗马天主教堂的脱离中

of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church.
他也起了很关键的作用

He helped to the separation of the Church of England
他帮助英格兰教会从教皇权力中

from papal authority and established himself
分离出来 并成为英格兰

as the Supreme Head of the Church of England.
教会的最高领袖

When Henry was 17,
亨利17岁的时候

his father, Henry VII,
他的父亲亨利七世

wanted to affirm his family's alliance with Spain.
想让他的家族与西班牙联盟

So he offered Henry to his brother’s widow,
所以他把亨利介绍给了他哥哥的遗孀

Catherine of Aragon.
阿拉贡的凯瑟琳

Then he married Catherine
然后亨利八世迎娶凯瑟琳

and the two were crowned at Westminster Abbey.
两人在威斯敏斯特教堂举行仪式

On February 18, 1516,
1516年2月18日

Queen Catherine bore Henry his first child, Princess Mary.
凯瑟琳女王生下了亨利的第一个孩子 玛丽公主

However, they failed to produce other heirs
然而 由于几次流产

due to several miscarriages.
他们无法继续有更多的继承人

Henry grew frustrated by the lack of a male child
亨利因为没有一个儿子而感到沮丧

and began keeping mistresses.
他开始养情妇

Then he met Anne Boleyn, a maid of honor,
然后他遇见了安妮・博林 婚礼的伴娘之一

and they began secretly seeing each other.
他们开始悄悄约会

Catherine, by now was already 42, and she was unable to conceive,
当时凯瑟琳已经42岁了 她已无法生育

this set Henry in a mission to obtain a male heir.
这让亨利开始了寻找男性继承人的使命

Henry configured a way to officially abandon
亨利想了个办法

his marriage with Catherine.
与凯瑟琳正式离婚

And he resorted to the Greek Old Testament,
他求助于希腊旧约

and it stated that a man who takes his brother's wife
旧约指出一个娶他哥哥的妻子的人

shall remain childless.
会没有子女

Though Catherine had borne him a child,
虽然凯瑟琳给他生了个孩子

that child was a girl,
但那是一个女孩子

which, in Henry's logic, did not count.
在亨利看来那并不算数

He petitioned the pope for an annulment
他请求教皇废除他们的婚姻

but was refused due to pressure
但是迫于凯瑟琳的侄子

from Holy Roman Emperor Charles V,
神圣罗马皇帝查理五世的压力

who was Catherine's nephew.
他的请求遭到拒绝

In 1533, Henry's mistress, Anne Boleyn, became pregnant.
1533年 亨利的情妇安妮・博林怀孕了

Henry decided he didn't need the pope's permission
亨利决定有关英格兰教会的事务

on matters of the Church of England.
无需过问教皇

And then he asked his new archbishop
然后他要求新大主教

to preside over the trial that
主持对他第一次婚姻的审判

declared his first marriage annulled.
并宣布无效

Then they married secretly in January 1533.
然后他们在1533年1月秘密结婚

And in September of that year,
在那一年的九月

Anne gave birth to his second child,
安妮生下了他的第二个孩子

girl again, named Elizabeth.
又是个女孩 取名为伊丽莎白

In 1534, Henry VIII declared himself supreme head
1534年 亨利八世宣布自己为英格兰教会的

of the Church of England.
最高元首

After Henry declared his supremacy,
在亨利宣布了他的至高无上地位之后

the Christian church separated,
基督教教会

forming the Church of England.
组成英格兰教会

Fully separated now from the pope,
从罗马教会中完全分离出来

the Church of England was under England's rule,
英格兰教会由英格兰管控

not Rome's.
而不是罗马

This also benefited Henry on his family issue.
这也使亨利在家庭问题上受益

Now he could decide who he wanted to marry.
现在他可以决定和谁结婚了

Inside the court,
在皇庭里

Queen Anne suffered greatly from her failure
安妮女王因未能生育一名男性继承人

to produce a living male heir.
而深陷苦楚

After she miscarried twice,
在她两次流产之后

Henry became interested in Jane Seymour,
亨利对安妮的女仆人简・西摩

one of Anne's ladies-in-waiting.
产生了兴趣

In an all-out effort to leave his unfruitful marriage,
为了结束他那毫无成果的婚姻

Henry contrived an elaborate story
亨利竭力编造了一个精心设计的故事

that Anne had committed adultery.
指责安妮犯了通奸罪

In 1536, he put her on trial.
1536年 亨利对安妮进行了审判

Four days later,
四天之后

Henry's marriage to Anne was declared invalid.
亨利与安妮的婚姻被宣布无效

Anne Boleyn was given a private beheading.
安妮被私刑处决

Within 24 hours of Anne's execution,
在被处决的同一天

Jane Seymour and Henry VIII formally wed.
简・西摩和亨利八世正式结婚

In October 1537,
1537年10月

Jane Seymour produced Henry's long-hoped-for son.
简・西摩生下了亨利期盼已久的儿子

It was a difficult pregnancy.
这是一次艰难的分娩

The baby, named Edward,
孩子取名爱德华

and Jane died nine days later
然而九天之后 简死于

from a pregnancy-related infection.
生产引起的感染

Henry considered Jane to be his only "true" wife,
亨利认为简是他唯一的“真正”妻子

and he had himself buried next to her after his death.
他死后与她合葬在一起

Three years later, Henry was ready to marry again,
三年后 亨利准备再次结婚

mainly to ensure the succession of his crown.
主要是为了确保他的王位继承

He agreed to marry Anne after seeing her beautiful portrait.
看到安妮美丽的肖像后 他同意迎娶她

Anne was the sister of the Duke of Cleves.
安妮是克莱夫公爵的妹妹

But when seeing her in person,
但当亲自见她的时候

he disapproved of her for her unattractive face.
他不喜欢她那张没有吸引力的脸

And he divorced her after six months.
所以六个月后他们就离婚了

Within weeks,
几周之内

Henry married the very young Catherine Howard.
亨利娶了非常年轻的凯瑟琳・霍华德

Henry, 49, and Catherine, only 19, started out a happy pair.
49岁的亨利和19岁的凯瑟琳喜结连理

But happiness would not last long for the couple.
但好景不长

A pretty woman,
作为一个漂亮的女人

Catherine began seeking the attention of men of her own age.
凯瑟琳开始寻求同龄人的注意

On February 13, 1542,
1542年2月13日

Henry had Catherine executed on the Tower Green for adultery.
亨利以通奸罪在格林塔上处决了凯瑟琳

One year later, the King married Catherine Parr,
一年后 国王娶了凯瑟琳・帕尔

but this time the Queen survived the King
但是这一次女王免遭国王的判决

because he died before her.
因为国王先一步去世了

Henry is known for his consequential role
亨利因在英格兰教会

in the separation of the Church of England
从罗马天主教堂中脱离中

from the Roman Catholic Church.
起的重要作用而闻名

Domestically, he is known for his radical changes
他因大肆修改英国宪法

to the English Constitution,
而在国内闻名

ushering in the theory of the divine right of kings to England.
在宪法中 他将国王的神圣权利理论引入英国

He greatly expanded royal power,
他极大地扩大了王室的权力

apart from asserting the sovereign's supremacy
除了主张君主对英国教会

over the Church of England,
至高无上的统治之外

thus initiating the English Reformation,
还发起了英国宗教改革

Part IV Elizabeth I
第IV部 伊丽莎白一世

Queen Elizabeth I was born on the September 7,
伊丽莎白一世女王于1533年9月7日

1533 in England.
出生在英国

She was a princess but declared illegitimate
尽管她是一位公主 却因为政治阴谋

through political machinations.
而被国王宣称为私生子

She eventually claimed the throne at the age of 25
她最终在25岁时获得了王位

and held it for 44 years,
并且在位了44年

keeping England in the ascendant through wars,
保护英国经历了战争 政治和宗教动荡

and political and religious turmoil.
保持英国的统治地位

She died in 1603.
她于1603年去世

Elizabeth I, perhaps England's most famous monarch,
伊丽莎白一世

grew up in complex
她也许是英国最著名的君主

and sometimes difficult circumstances.
在复杂且困难的环境中长大

The daughter of King Henry VIII
伊丽莎白是亨利八世和他的第二任

and his second wife, Anne Boleyn,
妻子安妮・博林的女儿

she was only two years old when she lost her mother.
在伊丽莎白二岁的时候 她的母亲就去世了

Before long, Elizabeth and her older half-sister Mary
不久 伊丽莎白和她同父异母的姐姐玛丽

were declared to be illegitimate
被宣称为私生子

as her father sought to pave the way for a male heir.
因为她父亲试图为男性继承人铺平道路

When she was 20,
她20岁的时候

Elizabeth once again found herself embroiled
在同父异母的兄弟爱德华

in political intrigue after,
死了之后 伊丽莎白发现

her half-brother, Edward's death.
自己再次卷入政治阴谋

Her older half-sister Mary and their cousin, Lady Jane Grey,
她同父异母的姐姐玛丽和他们的表亲简・格雷夫人

both were in line for the crown.
都是王位候选继承人

Edward had appointed Grey to be his successor,
爱德华已经任命格雷为他的继任者

but her reign proved to be short-lived.
但事实证明 她的统治是短暂的

Mary gained the support of the English people
玛丽得到了英国人的支持

and unseated Grey after only nine days on the throne.
把只当了九天皇后的格雷赶下台

Even though Elizabeth supported Mary in her coup,
即使在政变中伊丽莎白中支持玛丽

she was not free from suspicion.
但她并没有洗脱自己的嫌疑

A staunch Roman Catholic,
作为一个坚定的罗马天主教徒

Mary sought to restore her country back to her faith.
玛丽试图恢复祖国人民对她的信任

While Elizabeth went along with the religious change,
当伊丽莎白认可宗教改革时

she remained a candidate for the throne for those
她仍然是那些希望重返新教的人

who wanted a return to Protestantism.
心中王位候选人

She was quickly imprisoned by Mary due to the suspicion
她因涉嫌卷入叛乱

of her involvement in a rebellion.
而被玛丽迅速监禁

In 1558, Elizabeth took the reins of her country
1588年 在姐姐玛丽死后 伊丽莎白

after the death of her sister.
接管了她的国家

She inherited a number of problems stirred up by Mary.
她接手了玛丽引起的许多问题

The country was at war with France,
当时英国和法国正在交战

There was also great tension
在玛丽竭尽全力将英国

between different religious factions
恢复到罗马天主教之后

after Mary worked to restore England
不同宗教派别之间关系

to Roman Catholicism by any means necessary.
非常紧张

In fact, she earned the nickname Bloody Mary
事实上 当她把300名新教徒

for ordering the execution of 300 Protestants as heretics.
当作异教徒处决时 人们称她为血腥玛丽

Elizabeth acted swiftly to address these two pressing issues.
伊丽莎白迅速采取行动解决了这两个紧迫的问题

She called for the passage of the Act of Supremacy,
她颁布了《至尊法案》

which re-established the Church of England,
重立英国国教

and the Act of Uniformity,
同时颁布《统一法案》

which created a common prayer book.
这后来成为了英国国教的祈祷书

Elizabeth took a moderate approach
伊丽莎白采取温和的态度

to the divisive religious conflict in her country.
解决国内分裂的宗教冲突

She ended the war with France.
她结束了与法国的战争

And she was able to avoid clashing
在她统治的大部分时间里 她能够

with the other superpower of the age, Spain,
避免与这个时代的另一个超级大国 西班牙

for much of her reign.
发生冲突

Apart from dealing with the diplomatic issue,
除了处理外交问题

Elizabeth had to fend off internal efforts
伊丽莎白不得不阻止想要

to remove her from the throne.
将她拉下台的内部势力

One of the greatest threats came from Mary Stuart,
最大的威胁之一是来自苏格兰女王

queen of Scots.
玛丽・斯图尔特

The daughter of King James V of Scotland,
作为苏格兰国王詹姆士五世的女儿

Mary Stuart united her country with France
当她与法国王储弗朗西斯二世结婚时

when she married the future King Francis II.
把她的国家和法国结合和在了一起

She was raised Catholic and was considered
她从小就是天主教徒

by many English Catholics
被许多英国天主教徒认为是

to be the rightful monarch of England.
英国的合法君主

Elizabeth and Mary were cousins,
伊丽莎白和玛丽是表亲

and Mary had previously laid claim to the English crown.
玛丽也曾声称拥有英国王位

Elizabeth jailed her cousin in 1567
1567年 伊丽莎白把几次企图暗杀她

in connection with several assassination attempts.
的玛丽关进监狱

She kept Mary imprisoned for nearly 20 years
在1587年处决之前

before executing her in 1587.
伊丽莎白囚禁了玛丽将近20年

Succession became another pressing issue for Elizabeth
谁来接替伊丽莎白的王位

once she took the throne.
成为了另一个紧迫的问题

She showed her talents as a diplomat,
她展示了她作为外交官的才能

managing a number of suitors and potential royal matches
在她的统治期间 她周旋于她的追求者之间

during her reign.
利用皇室的联婚请求获得利益

Through her father and her sister,
在她的父亲和姐姐身上

Elizabeth had seen the troubles
伊丽莎白目睹了

and challenges of royal marriages.
皇室婚姻的麻烦和挑战

Elizabeth, however, seemed to have no interest
然而 伊丽莎白似乎对与配偶分享权力

in sharing power with a spouse.
毫无兴趣

Over time, she cultivated her image
一直以来 她把自己塑造成一个

as a queen married to her job and her people.
嫁给工作和她的子民的女王形象

For this dedication Elizabeth earned the nickname
因为这一奉献 伊丽莎白赢得了

the "Virgin Queen."
“童贞女王”的绰号

While she worked hard at court,
伊丽莎白在法庭上认真工作的同时

Elizabeth took time for leisurely pursuits.
也会花时间追求自己兴趣爱好

She loved music and arts.
她喜欢音乐和美术

Elizabeth also enjoyed dancing and watching plays.
伊丽莎白还喜欢跳舞和看戏

The arts flourished during Elizabeth's time
在伊丽莎白时期 艺术文化蓬勃发展

with the creation of works by such greats as
威廉・莎士比亚和克里斯托弗・马洛等人

William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe.
的代表作在此时出现

While the end of her reign had been difficult,
尽管在她统治时期的晚期国家变得动荡

Elizabeth has largely been remembered
伊丽莎白在很大程度上

as being a queen who supported her people.
被认为是爱护子民的女王

Her lengthy time on the throne provided her subjects
在她漫长的统治期里 伊丽莎白为她的臣民

with stability and consistency,
创造了一个安稳和谐的社会

and her sharp wits and clever mind helped navigate
并且她运用自己聪明的头脑

the nation through religious and political challenges.
帮助国家渡过宗教和政治改革

Her reign is often referred to as the Golden Age,
她的统治时期经常被称为黄金时代

and the Elizabethan era is named for her.
并且以她的名字命名

Did you know?
你知道吗？

William the Conqueror:
征服者威廉

the king who contributed the most on the English language
在英语的发展中贡献最大的国王

Although he never spoke English and was illiterate,
虽然他从不说英语 也不识字

he had more influence on the evolution
他对英语语言进化的影响

of the English language than anyone before or since
比古往今来的任何人都要大

He adding a slew of French
他在英语词典中加了一大堆法语

and Latin words to the English dictionary
和拉丁语单词

Henry VIII：
亨利八世

A music lover
音乐爱好者

it is said that he wrote a traditional English folk song
据说他亲自作词作曲完成了

and tune,
一首英国传统民歌《绿袖子》

Greensleeves for his lover and future Wife Anne Boleyn,
献给他的情人和将来的妻子 安妮・博林

Elizabeth I:
伊丽莎白一世

fancy beautiful clothing and jewelry.
喜欢漂亮的衣服和珠宝

Her garments were often made with gold and silver.
她的衣服经常以金银为原料

With the help of makeup,
由于化妆的缘故

Elizabeth cultivated a dramatically pale look.
伊丽莎白在她的肖像中

Which often show in her portraits.
脸色总是异常苍白