4.3 The U.S.: Technology在线视频

Hi，everyone.
大家好

Before we learn this American Technology part
在学习美国科技这一章节知识之前

I want to raise several questions for you to consider.
我想给你们提出几个问题思考

Do you know the first light bulb that could glow
你知道世界上第一颗能够发光

for over 1,500 hours was invented in 1879
持续1500多小时的灯泡是在1879年

in the United States?
的美国发明的吗

Do you know in 1969 the U.S.
你知道1969年美国

successfully sent three astronauts to the Moon?
成功将三位宇航员送上月球吗

Do you know almost all communicative devices
你知道我们今天所使用的

we use today are invented in the U.S.?
沟通工具几乎全部诞生于美国吗

So in this chapter
在这一章节

You'll have a better understanding of the development
你们将对美国科技的发展历程

of the American Technology.
有更深的了解

A Good Climate for Science
科学的春天

During the 19th century, Britain, France, and Germany
19世纪时期，英国、法国和德国

were at the forefront of new ideas in science and mathematics.
处于科学和数学新思潮的前沿

But if the U.S. lagged behind in the formulation of theory,
美国尽管在新理论的提出上有所落后

it excelled in using theory to solve problems: applied science.
却在利用原理解决问题（应用科学）上独树一帜

This tradition had been born of necessity.
这一传统的出现是出于美国的需要

Because Americans lived so far from the well-springs
由于美国在地理位置上远离

of Western science and manufacturing,
西方科学和制造业的源头

and were free from European preconceptions,
因此不存在欧洲国家的思想藩篱

they often had to figure out their own ways of doing things.
美国必须找出自己解决问题的方式方法

The U.S. government has encouraged science and invention
美国政府在启蒙运动之后开始扶持科学技术

since the Enlightenment,
和发明创造

a period in which writers
在启蒙运动时期

and thinkers rejected the superstitions of the past.
作家和思想家们反抗传统迷信思想

Instead, they emphasized the powers of reason
相反，他们强调理性和无偏见探究

and unbiased inquiry,
的力量

especially inquiry into the workings of the natural world.
尤其是对自然世界运行原理的探究

The U.S. promotes a free flow of ideas,
美国政府促进观点的自由传播

encourages the growth of “useful knowledge”,
扶持“有益学科”的成长

and welcomes creative people from all over the world.
欢迎来自世界各地富于创造力的人们

From its emergence as an independent nation,
自从以一个独立国家的身份而建立后

the U.S. has encouraged science and innovations,
美国一直鼓励科学技术和发明创造

including items such as the airplane, internet,
包括的项目有飞机、互联网

microchip, laser, cellphone, refrigerator, email,
微芯、激光、手机、冰箱、电子邮件

microwave, LCD and LED technology,
微波、LCD和LED技术

air conditioning, assembly line, supermarket,
空调、流水线作业、超市

bar code, electric motor, and ATM .
条形码、电动机和ATM

1. High-tech Industry
1、高新技术产业

America has been undergoing profound economic change
美国经历了21世纪初

at the beginning of the 21st century.
深刻的经济转型

More emphasis has been laid on technological innovations
把更多关注点放在

in computing,telecommunications,biological sciences
计算机、通讯、生物科学和航天技术

and space technology.
的科技创新上

Therefore, America’s high-tech industry ranks first in the world
因此，美国的高新技术产业世界第一

and plays an important role in the country’s economic growth.
在美国的经济增长过程中发挥了重要作用

For example, in the fields of computers,
例如，在计算机、工程学

engineering and information technology,
和信息科技领域

American companies hold the dominant place in the world.
美国公司在世界中占支配地位

2. Silicon Valley
2、硅谷

Silicon Valley, located in northern California,
硅谷，位于北加利福尼亚

the home for a technology start-up
一家初创于满是

is humble garage surrounded by car parts and oil cans.
汽车零部件和油罐的简陋车库中的公司诞生在这里

It all started in 1938,
故事开始于1938年

when Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard
比尔・休利特和大卫・帕卡德

chose a detached garage at 367 Addison Avenue
选中了一个位于帕罗奥图爱迪生大道

in Palo Alto to house their fledgling electronics business.
367号的独立仓库，用于开展他们初具雏形的电子事业

The restored structure is now considered
修复后的车库建筑在今天

to be the official birthplace of Silicon Valley.
被认为是硅谷的官方诞生地

Despite the development
尽管美国和世界

of various high-tech economic centers
的各种高科技经济中心

throughout the United States and the world,
都在发展

the dominance of Silicon Valley,
但硅谷作为

as a leading hub for high-tech innovation and development,
作为高新技术创新发明的主要中心的优势

accounts for one third of all venture capital investments
使其占有了美国三分之一的

in the country.
风险投资

As a Tech-Pole, the technical pull of Silicon Valley,
作为科技增长极，硅谷――谷歌、eBay、雅虎

home to Google, eBay, Yahoo, Intel, Oracle,
因特尔、Oracle和苹果公司的诞生地

and Apple Inc., is unparalleled.
对经济的拉动作用是无与伦比的

The Valley has been drawing top graduates from countries
随着1965年后的移民自由化和

such as China and India,
对外国留学生的支持

with post-1965 immigration liberalization
硅谷吸引了来自中国和印度等

and support for foreign students.
国家的顶尖毕业生

According to studies by UC Berkeley,
据加州大学伯克利分校的研究

more than half of today’s Silicon Valley companies
今天超过半数的硅谷公司

were founded by foreign-born entrepreneurs.
由国外出生的企业家创立

Because the Valley possesses the Renaissance qualities
由于硅谷具有文艺复兴时期

of being dynamic, entrepreneurial, innovative,
富于活力、企业家精神、创新精神

and financially successful,
和经济成功的特质

it has become a model
它已成为

which the rest of the world is keen to follow.
世界其他地区争相效仿的榜样

3. Putting the Internet into Pockets - iPhone
3、将互联网装进口袋――iPhone

Steve Jobs has been named
在2012年Lemelson-MIT的

the second greatest innovator of all time,
发明指数中，史蒂夫・乔布斯被评为

behind Thomas Edison,
史上第二伟大的创新者

in the 2012 Lemelson-MIT Invention Index.
仅次于托马斯・爱迪生

This result comes from a survey asking 1,010 Americans
这一结果来源于一份询问了1010位

whose ages vary from 16 to 25
年龄在16到25岁之间的美国人

to identify the greatest innovator of all time.
以确定历史以来最伟大的创新者到底是谁的调查

Jobs’ figure is doing so well on the list
乔布斯在调查表中的指数较高

because young adults feel that
许多成年人认为

the technology Jobs helped create
乔布斯创造的新科技

greatly influences their daily lives.
对他们的日常生活产生了巨大影响

Smartphones like iPhone
iPhone等智能手机

are now being used like a digital ‘Swiss Army Knife’
在今天取代了像手表、相机、书本

replacing possessions like watches, cameras, books
甚至笔记本电脑等产品，成为了一种新的

and even laptops,
数字版“瑞士军刀”

and playing a far greater role in all aspects of human lives.
在人们生活的方方面面扮演着十分重要的角色

4. When Education Collides with Technology
4、当教育与科技相交锋

When you enter a college classroom in the U.S.,
当你踏进美国一家大学的课室

you may find that electronic devices
你会发现Apple等电子设备

like Apple hardware are everywhere.
无处不在

Everyone has an iPhone, iPad, or iPod,
每个人都有一台iPhone、iPad或iPod

there’s a lot of MacBooks, kindles,
此外还有许多MacBook、kindle

and other notebook computer or tablets.
和其他笔记本电脑或平板设备

It is really a classroom of electronic devices.
这确实是一个电子设备教室

In the U.S., more than 90% of children
根据皮尔研究中心的一份调查报告

ages 12 to 17 use the electronic devices and internet,
90%多年龄在12到17岁之间的

according to a study by the Pew Research Center.
美国青少年在使用电子设备和互联网

So many of the U.S. schools from kindergarten to grade 12
从幼儿园到高中，许多美国学校

have banned the social networking site on campus.
在校园里屏蔽了社交网站

Yet some educators argued
然而，部分教育家建议

that rather than blocking social media in school,
比起在学校里屏蔽社交媒体

it is much more important to help students to learn
更重要的是教育学生们学会

how to use social media and internet safely
安全地使用社交媒体和网络

and productively for both personal and academic reasons.
并将之用于个人或学术的目的

5. Space Travel and NASA
5、NASA与太空旅行

The American space program is important to maintain innovation
美国太空计划是维系美国

and sustain America’s economic and military prominence.
经济军事领先地位的重要因素

On June 21, 2004,
2004年6月21日

Mike Melvill became the first person to reach space aboard
迈克・梅尔维登成为了第一个乘坐

a privately funded launch vehicle named SpaceShipOne,
私人资助的太空飞船“太空船1号”登上太空的人

possibly ushering in a new era
这也许会开启一种新的

of commercially “affordable” space tourism.
“价格实惠”的商业性太空旅游行业

The National Aeronautics and Space (NASA)
美国国家航天航空局（NASA）

is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government,
是一个行政部门，作为美国政府的代表

responsible for the nation’s civilian space program
主要负责美国的民用太空计划

and aeronautics and aerospace research.
以及航空航天研究

The agency became operational on October 1, 1958.
这一中介部门在1958年10月1日正式开始运作

NASA has led U.S. efforts for space exploration ever since,
从那天起，NASA就一直在为太空探索工作不懈努力着

resulting in the Apollo missions to the Moon,
成果包括阿波罗登月计划

the Skylab space station,
太空实验室空间站

and later the Space Shuttle.
以及后来的航天飞机

Since February 2006
从2006年2月起

NASA’s self-described mission statement
NASA自我宣称的宗旨

is to “pioneer the future in space exploration,
一直是“开创太空探索

scientific discovery and aeronautics research.”
科学发现与航空研究的未来”

Currently, NASA is supporting
今天，NASA正在与

and operating the International Space Station (ISS)
俄罗斯、加拿大、日本以及

in cooperating with Russia, Canada, Japan
一些欧洲国家合作，支撑并运作

and several European countries.
国际空间站（ISS）

The U.S. has also launched manned space missions
美国还启动了载人航天计划

that have gained the most attention and prestige
收获了极高的关注度与声誉

by bringing hope for future colonization on other planets.
给了人们未来移民其他星球的希望

6. The Atomic Age
6、原子时代

The concepts that led to the splitting of the atom
对于原子裂变的概念

were developed by the scientists of many countries,
许多国家和科学家都有研究

but the conversion of these ideas
但真正将核裂变这一设想

into the reality of nuclear fission was accomplished
变为现实的是20世纪40年代早期

in the United States in early 1940s.
的美国

The first atomic bomb was exploded in New Mexico
世界上第一颗原子弹于1945年7月16日在

on July 16, 1945.
新墨西哥州爆炸

The development of the bomb and its use against Japan
关于原子弹的研发和在1945年8月被用于

in August 1945 initiated the Atomic Age,
打击日本，开创了原子时代

a time of anxiety over weapons of mass destruction
一段对大规模毁灭性武器产生普遍焦虑的时期

that has lasted through the Cold War
这种焦虑贯穿了整个冷战时期

and down to the anti-proliferation efforts of today.
乃至影响到今天对于反核扩散化的努力

7. Medicine and NIH
7、医学与NIH

As in physics and chemistry,
就像物理和化学领域一样

Americans have dominated the Nobel Prize
美国在二战后主宰了

for physiology or medicine science since World War II.
诺贝尔生理学和医学奖

The National Institutes of Health (NIH),
美国国立卫生院（NIH）

the focal point for biomedical research in the United States,
重点研究美国的生物医学领域

has played a key role in this achievement.
对诺贝尔奖的获得发挥了关键的作用

Consisting of 24 separate institutes,
由24家独立研究所组成的NIH

the NIH occupies 75 buildings on more than 120 hectares
在马里兰州贝斯达地区占地120公顷

in Bethsda, Maryland.
拥有75座建筑

The goal of NIH research is knowledge that
NIH的研究目标是找到

helps prevent, detect, diagnose, and treat disease
帮助人预防、检测、诊断和治疗治病

and disability
和残疾的方法

everything from the rarest genetic disorder to the common cold.
无论是普通感冒还是最罕见的遗传疾病

At any given time, grants from the NIH
任何时候，NIH的拨款

support the research of about 35,000 principal investigators,
都能资助大约35000名主要研究人员的工作

working in every U.S. state and several foreign countries.
他们工作在美国的每一个州和几个其他国家里

Among these grantees have 91 Nobel Prize-Winners.
这些被资助者中有91位诺贝尔奖得主

Five Nobelists have made their prize-winning discoveries
5名诺贝尔奖得主是在NIH实验室里做出他们的

in NIH laboratories.
得奖研究的

All right，everyone.
好了，各位

After learning this American Technology part，
在学习完美国科技这一章后

Do you know about American high-tech industry?
你对美国高新技术产业有所了解了吗

Can you think out some solutions or strategies
你能举出一些措施或对策

to create a climate for technical innovation
来为中国创造一个有益于科技创新与进步

and progression in China？
的环境吗

You may think of this questions when you have time.
你可以在课余时间思考思考这个问题

I'll see you next time.
我们下次见

I hope you well.
希望你们开心