6.3 Press and Social Media在线视频

Hi，guys, are you aware that media are around us?
嗨，同学们，你们是否意识到媒体无处不在

We read books and newspapers，everyday.
我们每天都读书看报

We watch TV everyday and we surf the internet everyday.
我们每天都看电视上网

Now, here are some quizzes for you.
给你们进行一项小小的测试

Do you know，
你是否知道

What does PRESS refer to?
PRESS指的是什么

Can you name any social media commonly used
你能说出几个你们国家常用社交媒体

in your country?
的名字吗

Part 1 Introduction
第一部分 介绍

The Old Media are traditional means of communication
传统媒介指传统的传播

and expression
和表达方式

that have existed since before the advent
它在互联网新媒体的出现之前

of the new medium of the Internet.
就已经存在

Industries that are generally considered part
一般来说，传统媒体产业

of the old media are broadcast and cable television,
包括有线电视广播

radio, movie and music studios,
无线电广播、电影或音乐工作室

newspapers,magazines,books and most print publications.
报纸、杂志、书籍以及大多数印刷出版物

Newspapers are referred to as the press.
新闻报纸行业被称为新闻界

Social media is a phrase that
社交媒体是一个我们

we throw around a lot these days,
近些年来耳熟能详的词

often to describe what we post on sites
用来描述我们在如Facebook、Twitter

and apps like Facebook,Twitter,
Instagram、微信等一些

Instagram,Wechat and others.
一网站和应用发布的内容

But if we use the term to describe a site like Facebook,
但是如果我们既用这个词形容像Facebook一样的网站

and also a site like Baidu,
又用来形容像百度这样的网站

then it starts to get more confusing.
那么“社交媒体”一词的语义就会更加混乱

Just what is social media anyway?
社会媒体到底是什么

Rather than define the term using
与其用一连串令人生厌的专业术语

a bunch of boring jargon
去定义它

that would probably only complicate things further,
使得这一词的词义变得更加复杂化

perhaps best way to get a clearer understanding of it
还不如把它分解为一个个更简单的单词

is to break it down into simpler terms.
从而帮助我们更好地理解这个名词

To start, let's look at each word individually.
首先，让我们逐一来看每个词

The "social" part:
“社交”一词

refers to interacting with other people
指的是通过与他人分享

by sharing information with them
和接收他人分享的信息

and receiving information from them.
从而与他人互动的过程

The "media" part:
“媒体”一词

refers to an instrument of communication,
指一种通讯工具

like the internet,
比如互联网

while TV, radio and newspapers are examples
电视、广播和报纸则是一些

of more traditional forms of media.
更传统的媒体形式例子

Okay, so from these two separate terms,
好了，基于这个两个单独的词义

we can pull a basic definition together:
我们可以放在一起作出一个基本的定义

Social media are web-based communication tools
社交媒体是一种依靠互联网

that enable people to interact with each other
使得人们能够通过分享和消费信息

by both sharing and consuming information.
从而进行互动的沟通工具

Part 2 Press in the UK
第2部分 英国报刊

For most British people,
对大多数英国人而言

most days begin with a look at the morning newspaper
一天往往是从一份早报和一杯咖啡

and a cup of coffee.
开始的

There are several different types of media
在英国，有以下几种不同的

in the United Kingdom:
媒体类型

television, radio, newspapers, magazines and websites.
电视、广播、报纸、杂志和网站

The country also has a strong music industry.
这个国家还有强大的音乐产业

The United Kingdom print publishing sector
英国整个印刷出版业

has a combined turnover of around ￡20 billion
总的营业额约为200亿英镑

and employs around 167,000 people,
约167000个从业者

including books, server, directories and databases,
整个出版业包括图书、服务器、目录和数据库

journals, magazines and business media,
期刊、杂志和商业媒体

newspapers and news agencies.
报纸和通讯社在内

The print media sector is entirely regulating itself
印刷媒体业完全靠行业自律

and there are no specific legal rules
而没有特定的法律条文

regulating the print media.
来规范印刷媒体

In Britain, freedom of the press is protected.
在英国，新闻自由得到了保护

There is no censorship of the press.
新闻界没有审查制度

There are currently more than 130
英国目前活跃着130多家

different kinds of newspapers in Britain.
不同类型的报纸

Traditionally British newspapers
传统上习惯把英国报纸

have been divided into "quality",
分为“高端”报纸

serious-minded newspapers ,
即那些通常因为

usually referred to as "broadsheets"
纸张面积大而被称为“大报”

because of their large size,
的报纸

and the more populist, "tabloid" varieties.
以及更加平民化的“小报”

For convenience of reading,
为了方便读者阅读

many traditional broadsheets have switched
许多传统的大报已经开始学习

to a more compact-sized format,
小报而转为采用一种

traditionally used by tabloids.
规格更紧凑的格式

In 2008 The Sun had the highest circulation
2008年，《太阳报》凭着310万的发行量

of any daily newspaper in the UK at 3.1 million,
成为英国所有日报中发行量最高的报纸

approximately a quarter of the market.
它大约占据了四分之一的报业市场

Its sister paper, the News of the World,
其兄弟报纸《世界新闻报》

had the highest circulation
在礼拜日报的市场中

in the Sunday newspaper market,
发行量最大

and traditionally focused on celebrity-led stories
该报习惯于关注名人轶事

until its closure in 2011.
直到2011年才停刊

The Times is the oldest daily newspaper in the country.
《泰晤士报》是英国历史最为悠久的日报

The Daily Telegraph,
《每日电讯报》

a centre-right broadsheet paper,
一家中右翼的大报

is the highest-selling of the "quality" newspapers.
是最畅销的“高端”报纸

The Guardian is a more liberal "quality" broadsheet
《卫报》是一家十分自由的“高端”大报

and the Financial Times is the main business newspaper,
《金融时报》则主要是商业报纸

and it is printed
它印刷在

on distinctive salmon-pink broadsheet paper.
一张独特的橙红色对开大纸上

Trinity Mirror operates 240 local and regional newspapers
三一镜报集团经营着英国240家

in the United Kingdom,
地方性报纸

as well as national newspapers
以及包括《每日镜报》

such as the Daily Mirror and the Sunday Mirror.
和《星期日镜报》在内的全国性报纸

Part 3 Social media in the UK
第3部分 英国的社交媒体

Internet penetration in the UK
英国是欧洲互联网普及率

is one of the highest in Europe
最高的国家之一

with nearly 85% of people being connected to the internet.
将近85%的英国人接入了互联网

There are increasing numbers
越来越多

of highly connected individuals and organisations
高度互联的个人或组织

who have access to the internet and social media at work,
在工作中、在家里或外出时使用互联网

at home and on the move.
和社交媒体

The most popular social networks
英国最受欢迎的社交网络

are Facebook and YouTube,
是Facebook和YouTube

followed by Twitter, LinkedIn and Google+.
其次是Twitter、LinkedIn和Google+

There are significant variations
不同年龄群体之间

in preference of social media
在社交媒体的偏好上

between different age groups.
有着明显的差别

Google+ and LinkedIn for example are used much more
例如，35岁以上的人更偏爱使用

by people aged over 35,
Google+和LinkedIn

whereas YouTube is used mostly by people aged
而YouTube的主要用户群体年龄

between 18 and 35.
在18到35岁之间

Part 4 Newspapers in the U.S.
第4部分 美国报业

Many of the media in the US are controlled
美国的许多媒体都受到

by large for-profit corporations,
大型营利性公司的控制

they reap revenue from advertising, subscriptions,
他们从广告、订阅

and sale of copyrighted material.
和出售有版权的内容中获利

American media conglomerates
美国的传媒企业

tend to be leading global players,
往往是全球领先的媒体

generating large revenues as well as large opposition
他们在世界众多地方收获巨量财富的同时也

in many parts of the world.
收获了大量的敌对者

No other country in the world has more daily newspapers
世界上没有其他国家有比美国更多的

than the U.S.
日报

The quality of some newspapers is extremely high,
美国有些报纸的质量非常高

and their views are quoted all over the world.
这些报纸的观点被引用到全世界

However, in recent years,
然而，近年来

newspapers have declined in their influence
美国报纸在家庭报纸普及率

and penetration into American households.
和影响力方面都有所下降

The U.S. does not have a national paper.
美国没有全国性的报纸

The New York Times,
《纽约时报》

The Wall Street Journal,
《华尔街日报》

and USA Today are sold in most U.S. cities.
及《今日美国》在美国的大部分城市都有销售

Although the Times' primary audience
尽管《纽约时报》的主要受众

has always been the people of New York City,
一直是纽约市民

the New York Times has gradually
但实际上《纽约时报》

become the dominant national "newspaper of record."
已渐渐成为主流的全国性“资料报纸”

Apart from its daily nationwide distribution,
“资料报纸”一词除有每天在全国

the term means that
范围内销售的意思外

back issues are archived on microfilm
还意味着该报的过往刊物

by every decent-sized public library in the nation,
将被全国各大图书馆拍成微缩胶片存档收藏

and the Times' articles are often cited
以及意味着《纽约时报》的文章经常

by both historians and judges as evidence that
被作为某个重大的历史时间发生在某个日期

a major historical event occurred on a certain date.
的证据而被历史学家和法官引用

The Washington Post is also a dominant newspaper
《华盛顿邮报》是美国首都的一家

in the U.S. capital,
主流报纸

and it is usually counted as one of the greatest newspapers
它被公认为美国最出色的报纸

in the U.S.
之一

It is closely linked to the American Congress,
《华盛顿邮报》与美国国会有着密切的联系

and it was the first media
也是第一个在1927年

that exposed the Watergate Scandal in 1972.
揭露水门事件的新闻媒体

The Los Angeles Times
《洛杉矶时报》

and the Wall Street Journal are also newspapers
《华尔街日报》在某种程度也可以称为是

of record to a lesser extent.
资料报纸

With very few exceptions,
除极少数特例外

all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned,
美国的报纸都是私人拥有的

either by large chains,
要么归

which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers;
拥有几十甚至几百家报纸的大型连锁企业所有

by small chains that own a handful of papers;
要么归仅有少量报纸的小型连锁企业所有

or in a situation that is increasingly rare,
再或者就是那种越来越稀有的情况

by individuals or families.
即归个人或家庭私有

Most general-purpose newspapers
大多数通用报纸

are either being printed one time a week,
要么通常只在一周的星期四或

usually on Thursday or Friday, or are printed daily.
星期五那天印刷，要么每日印刷

Weekly newspapers tend to have much smaller circulation
周报的发行量要小得多

and are more prevalent
且周报

in rural communities or small towns.
在农村社区或小城镇更加流行

Major cities often have "alternative weeklies"
大城市经常会有一种作为

to complement the mainstream daily paper(s),
主流日报的补充的“另类周刊”

for example,
例如

New York City's Village Voice or Los Angeles' L.A. Weekly,
纽约的《村声杂志》或洛杉矶的《洛杉矶周刊》

to name two of the best-known.
这是两款最有名的“另类周刊”了

Major cities may also support a local business journal,
大城市也尽可能地扶持当地的商业期刊

trade papers relating to local industries,
与当地工业有关的专业性报纸

and papers for local ethnic and social groups.
以及当地民族和社会团体出版的报纸

Probably due to competition from other media,
或许是由于媒体间的竞争

the number of daily newspapers in the U.S. has declined
美国日报的总数在过去的半个世纪里

over the past half-century.
有所下降

In particular,
尤其是

the number of evening newspapers
晚报的数量

has fallen by almost one-half since 1970,
自1970以来几乎减少了一半

while the number of morning editions
相反，晨报和周日版

and Sunday editions has grown.
的数量却有增加

Part 5 Social Media in the U.S.
第5部分 美国的社交媒体

In terms of social media,
就社交媒体而言

Facebook is the most popular media in America.
Facebook是美国最受欢迎的媒体

It is a for-profit corporation
Facebook是一家

and online social networking service based in California.
基于加州的在线网络社交服务的营利性企业

Its website was launched in 2004
Facebook网站由

by Mark Zuckerberg
马克·扎克伯格

with his Harvard College roommates and fellow students.
和他的哈佛室友及同学们在2004年一同创办

After registering to use the site,
在这个网站注册后

users can create a user profile,
用户可以建立自己的用户名片

add other users as "friends",
添加其他用户为“好友”

exchange messages,
发送消息

post status updates and photos,
发布近期状态和照片

share videos, use various apps,
分享视频、使用各种应用服务

and receive notifications
以及在其他人

when others update their profiles.
更新他们的名片时收到通知

Additionally,
此外

users may join common-interest user groups organized
用户可以加入根据工作单位、学校或其他特征

by workplace, school, or other characteristics,
组建起来的共同兴趣小组

and categorize their friends into lists such as
还可以把他们的好友分成像“和工作有关的人”

"People From Work" or "Close Friends".
或“亲密好友”这样不同的组

In groups editors can pin posts to top.
在小组里，编辑可以把帖子置顶

Also,
当然

users can complain about or block unpleasant people.
用户也可以投诉或屏蔽讨厌的人

According to a survey,
据调查

23% of Facebook’s users check their account five
23%的Facebook用户每天查看他们的脸书

or more times every day.
五次以上

Twitter is an online social networking service
Twitter是一款专门为用户提供

that enables users to send
网络社交服务的产品

and read short messages called "tweets",
用户通过Twitter可以阅读和发送

these messages are limited to 140 characters.
一种不超过140个字符的名为“推文”的短消息

Registered users can read and post tweets,
注册用户可以阅读和发布推文

but those who are unregistered can only read them.
但未注册的游客仅有阅读的权限

Users access Twitter through the website interface,
用户可以通过官网、手机短信或手机应用程序

SMS or mobile device app.
访问Twitter

Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco.
Twitter公司总部设在旧金山

The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity
自推出以来，Twitter在全球范围内

since it was provided,
迅速走红

with more than 100 million users posting
2012年里，每天有超过1亿用户

340 million tweets a day in 2012.
发布约3亿4000万条推文

The service also handled 1.6 billion search queries per day.
Twitter每天要处理16亿条搜索查询请求

In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites
2013年，Twitter是10大访问量最高的网站之一

and has been described as "the SMS of the Internet".
被誉为“互联网短信”

As of March 2016,
截至2016年3月

Twitter has more than 310 million monthly active users.
Twitter拥有超过3亿1000万位月活跃用户

Did you know？
你知道吗？