7.1 Life and Customs在线视频

Hi, everyone,
嗨，大家好

in this new episode,
在这一章

we will look at the social life
我们将着眼于英国和美国

of the British and Americans.
的社会生活

And in the first part,
在第一节中

we will have a look at the life
我们主要学习英国的

and customs in the UK.
社会生活与风俗

A good start to gain some understanding
了解一个国家人民生活

of the lives of people living in a country
的最佳方式是

is to look at their cherished customs and traditions.
看看他们所珍视的风俗传统

These illustrate not only
这些风俗传统不仅

what is important to the people living there,
对于生活在当地的人来说很重要

but also how they relax and have fun.
还可以从中看出他们的娱乐放松方式

Part 1
第一部分

Life and Customs in Britain
英国的生活与风俗

Britain is full of culture and traditions
英国有很多延续了

which have been around for hundreds of years.
几百年的文化和传统

British customs and traditions
英国的风俗传统

are famous all over the world.
世界闻名

When people think of Britain
当人们提到英国时

they often think of people drinking tea,
他们往往想到英国人爱喝茶

eating fish and chips and wearing bowler hats,
吃炸鱼和薯条以及戴圆顶的帽子

but there is more to Britain than just those things.
但真正的英国绝不止这些

In this chapter,
在本节中

we will mainly focus on the English customs
我们主要聚焦于英格兰的风俗

and traditions,
和传统

and it will be your job to find out about those
而你们的课后作业就是了解到

in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland
苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰的

after this class.
风俗传统

Firstly,
首先

we will focus on the typical houses and foods
我们要了解英格兰典型的居住与

in England.
饮食习惯

1.Life
1、生活

1.1 Houses
1.1 住房

What kind of places people live
人们的生活环境

tell the quality of and attitude towards life.
反映了他们生活的质量与态度

Most people in England live in urban areas.
大多数英格兰人都生活在城市里

Towns and cities
城镇和城市

are spreading into their surrounding environment
正在向周边地区不断扩张

to cope with the increasing populations.
以满足不断增长人口的需要

Most houses in England are made of stone or brick
建造英格兰大多数房屋所需的石材或砖块

from the local area
都是从在建房地

where the houses are built.
本土就地取材的

The colours of the stones and bricks
石材和板砖的颜色

vary across the country.
全国各异

England has many types of homes.
英格兰民居各式各样

In the large cities,
在大城市中

people often live in apartments,
人们通常居住在被称为

which are called flats.
公寓楼的寓所里

In most towns,
在大多数城镇里

there are streets of houses joined together in long rows.
房子沿街道成排而建

They are called terraced houses.
这类房子被称为联排别墅

The main types of houses in England are:
英格兰民居的主要类型包括

Detached
独栋房子

which is a house not joined to another house,
这类房屋不与其他房屋相连

and it is the most popular type for British
是英格兰最主流的民居类型

Semi-detached
半独立式

a house joined to another house on one side
一座房屋与另一座房屋通过共享同一墙体

by a shared wall
的方式相连

Terrace
联排别墅

several houses joined together like this
几栋房屋像这样排列在一起

Flats
公寓

which means apartments in the American English.
与美式英语中“apartments”的意思相同

Now let's go to the next essential part of life, food.
现在，让我们进入下一项基本内容——饮食习惯

1.2 Food and Drink
1.2 饮食

The British people usually have three main meals a day:
英格兰人通常一日三餐

breakfast, lunch and dinner.
早餐、中餐和晚餐

Traditionally,
传统上

some people would refer that last meal as TEA.
一些英格兰人把一天中最后一顿饭称为“TEA”

Most people around the world seem to think
世界各地的人们对于

a typical English breakfast consists of
英国传统早餐的印象似乎是

eggs, bacon, sausage, fried bread,
鸡蛋、培根、香肠、油炸面包

mushrooms and baked beans
蘑菇和烤豆

all washed down with a cup of coffee.
餐后再来一杯咖啡

Nowadays, however,
然而在今天

a typical English breakfast
一份典型的英格兰早餐

is more likely to be a bowl of cereals,
更有可能是一碗谷物

a slice of toast, juice and a cup of coffee.
一片吐司、一杯果汁和一杯咖啡

Usually,
通常

children at school or adults at work
上学的孩子或者工作的大人

would have a packed lunch,
会带一份盒装午餐

such as a sandwich, a piece of fruit and a drink.
比如一份三明治、一块水果和一杯饮料

On Sundays,
在周末

the main meal of the day is often eaten at midday
当天的主食通常在中午吃

instead of in the evening.
而非晚上

This meal is a Roast Dinner
这是一顿烧烤晚餐

consisting of a roast meat, Yorkshire pudding
包括烤肉、约克郡布丁

and two or three kinds of vegetables.
和两三种蔬菜

A typical English dinner
典型的英格兰晚餐

is “meat and two veg”.
是“肉和两种蔬菜”

They put hot brown gravy,
英格兰人给肉和蔬菜

which is made from juices of the roast meat,
浇上一种由烤肉汁制成的

on the meat and the vegetables.
热布朗肉汁

One of the vegetables is always potatoes.
蔬菜之一往往是土豆

Other typical traditional British dishes include:
其他典型的传统英格兰菜包括

roast beef and Yorkshire Pudding,
烤牛肉和约克郡布丁

which is batter baked and moistened with gravy.
通过不断烘烤和浇上肉汁制作而成

Another is an English traditional take-away food:
还包括一种英格兰传统的外带食品

Fish and Chips,
炸鱼和薯条

which is fish deep fried in flour batter with chips.
由裹上面粉糊的鱼和薯条一起油炸而制成

Cottage pie is popular too,
农舍派也是一款大众美食

it is made with minced beef and vegetables,
它以碎牛肉和蔬菜为主料

and topped with mashed potatoes.
表面再浇上土豆泥

Now, let's move on to the social customs
现在，让我们转入英格兰社会风俗

of the English people.
的学习中去

2.Social Customs
2.社会风俗

2.1 Etiquette
2.1 礼仪

The English are said to be reserved in manners,
据说英格兰人在举止、衣着和谈吐上

dress and speech.
都很传统

They are famous for their politeness,
英格兰人以优雅

self-discipline
自律

and especially for their sense of humour.
尤其以幽默感著称

Basic politeness lies in the daily usage of words
基本的礼貌隐藏在日常用语的使用中

such as please, thank you, excuse me.
例如请、谢谢、对不起等用词

Also，you may be called
并且，根据你

by many different 'affectionate' names,
所去到英格兰地方的不同

according to which part of the England
你也会被冠以各种不同

you are visiting.
“亲切的”称呼

For example,
比方说

you may be called dear, flower, love, mate,
你也许被称呼为dear、 flower、 love、 mate

son, ma'am, madam, miss or sir,
son、ma'am、 madam、 miss 或sir

according to your sex, age and location.
因你性别、年龄和所处位置的不同而不同

The British generally
英格兰人通常

pay a lot of attention to good table manners.
非常注重良好的餐桌礼仪

They eat most of their food with cutlery,
他们吃大多数食物都使用刀叉

with the exception of sandwiches,
当然不包括三明治

crisps,corn on the cob and fruit.
薯片、玉米棒和水果

The basic table manners include:
基本的餐桌礼仪有

Don't talk when eating
吃饭时不要说话

Always say thank you
当你被服务的时候

when you are served something.
一定要说谢谢

In a restaurant,
在餐馆里

it is normal to pay your money on the plate
账单来了的时候，把付的钱放在盘子里

the bill comes on.
是很正常的

Keep your elbows off the table when dining.
用餐时不应把手肘放在桌子上

If you cannot eat a certain type of food
如果你不能接受某种食物

or have some special needs,
或者有什么特殊要求的话

tell your host several days
请在宴会开始的几天前

before the dinner party.
告诉主人

If you are a guest,
如果你是客人

it is polite to wait until your host starts eating
等主人开始吃饭或者暗示你可以吃的时候再吃

or indicates you should do so.
是一种礼貌行为

2.2 Superstition
2.2 迷信

The English might be superstitious,
英格兰人也许是迷信的

and these are what they believe.
以下是他们相信的东西

Good Luck
好运

It's lucky to meet a black cat.
撞见一只黑猫预示着好运

Black Cats are featured
在英格兰，黑猫是许多

on many good luck greetings cards
好运贺卡和

and birthday cards in England.
生日卡片的主题

It's lucky to touch wood.
摸木头可以带来好运

They touch; knock on wood,
英格兰人触摸、敲击木头

to make something come true.
梦想某件事成真

It's lucky to find a clover plant with four leaves.
发现一株四片叶子的三叶草是一件幸运的事

Putting money in the pocket of new clothes
把钱放进新衣服的口袋里

brings good luck.
可以带来好运

Bad Luck
厄运

It's unlucky to walk underneath a ladder.
在梯子下面行走是不吉利的

You will have seven years bad luck
如果打碎镜子的话，你将面临

to break a mirror.
七年的厄运

It's unlucky to see one magpie,
看见一只喜鹊会倒霉

and it is lucky to see two.
看见两只喜鹊会有好运

It's unlucky to put new shoes on the table.
把新鞋放在桌上是不吉利的

Table Superstitions
餐桌迷信

If you drop a table knife,
如果你丢了一把餐刀

expect a male visitor,
会有一名男性到访

if you drop a fork a female visitor.
如果你丢的是叉子就是女性到访

Crossed cutlery on your plate
餐具交叉着摆放在盘子上

and expect a quarrel.
预示着一场争吵

Leave a white tablecloth on a table overnight
整个晚上都把白色桌布铺在桌上

and expect a death.
预示着死亡

Part 2 Life and Customs in America
第二部分 美国生活和风俗

Diversity
多样化

America is ultimately a nation of immigrants
美国根本意义上是一个移民国家

and as a result
因此

is a cultural mish-mash in every sense of the word.
在各种意义上美国也是一锅文化大杂烩

Not only is the country populated
不仅美国人口由许多

by people from foreign countries
来自其他国家的人构成

but all Americans in one way or another
而且所有美国人都以这种或那种方式

trace their ancestry back to another culture,
去追溯他们先祖的另一种文化

whether Irish, German, Italian or Scottish.
无论是爱尔兰、德国、意大利还是苏格兰文化

So, diversity is definitely the most obvious feature
所以，多样化无疑是美国社会生活最明显的

of American life.
特征

Informal and Friendly
随性而又友善的

Most people who come to the United States
大多数去往美国的人

may already know a few things
通过电视都已或多或少

about the people through TV.
对美国人有了一定了解

Although this is of course not exactly the reality,
尽管这当然不代表全部的现实

some of the stereotypes are true,
但一些刻板印象总是没错的

especially American friendliness and informality.
尤其是美国人的友善和随性

People tend to not wait to be introduced,
人们常常不需经过介绍

will begin to speak with strangers
就可以在排队的时候

as they stand in a queue,
和陌生人聊天

sit next to each other at an event, etc.
或在活动中和其他人坐在一起，等等

Visitors can often be surprised
游客常常会惊讶于

when people are so informal
美国人非常直接

to the point of being very direct or even rude.
甚至可以说是粗鲁的随意性

Time is Money
时间就是金钱

The country that coined the phrase
创造这句话的国家明显也

obviously lives the phrase.
沉浸在这句话的氛围中

In America,
在美国

time is a very important commodity.
时间是一种非常重要的商品

People 'save' time and 'spend' time
人们像对待放在银行里的钱一样

as if it were money in the bank.
“节省”和“花费”时间

Americans ascribe personality characteristics
美国人根据人们如何利用时间

and values based on how people use time.
来定义他们的性格特征和价值观

For example,
比如说

people who are on-time
准时的人

are considered to be good people,
被认为是一个优秀的人

reliable people who others can count on.
是一个可信和可靠的人

The Family
家庭

The family unit is generally considered
普遍上认为核心家庭是

the nuclear family,
家系单位

and is typically small
这种家庭通常很小

with exceptions among certain ethnic groups.
少数民族除外

Extended family relatives live in their own homes,
家族亲属居住在他们自己的房子里

often at great distances from their children.
而且往往远离他们子女的住处

Individualism is prized,
个人主义得到重视

and this is reflected in the family unit.
在家系单位中也得以体现

People are proud of their individual accomplishments,
人们为自己的个人成就

initiative and success,
主动性和成功而自豪

and may, or may not, share those sources of pride
但他们也许会，也许不会和他们的长辈

with their elders.
分享这些

Clothing styles vary by social status, region,
着装风格因社会地位、地区、职业和气候的

occupation and climate.
不同而不同

Jeans, sneakers, baseball caps, cowboy hats
牛仔裤、运动鞋、棒球帽、牛仔帽

and boots are some items of clothing
以及靴子是与美国人

that are closely associated with Americans.
密切相关的一些服饰

American fashion is widely influenced
美国人的时尚受到

by celebrities and the media,
名人和媒体的影响

and fashion sales equal around
每年的时装销售额相当于

$200 billion per year.
2000亿美元

American food
美国食物

American cuisine
美式美食

has been influenced by Europeans
受到早期欧洲人

and Native Americans in its early history.
和印第安人的影响

Today, there are a number of foods
以下是现在普遍被认为是

that are commonly identified as American,
美式食品的一些例子

such as
包括

hamburgers, hot dogs, potato chips,
汉堡包、热狗、薯片

macaroni and cheese, and meat loaf.
奶酪通心粉和肉馅糕

"As American as apple pie"
“像苹果派一样的美国食品”

has come to mean something
指的是那种

that is authentically American.
真正属于美国人的食物

There are also styles of cooking and types of foods
以下是一些特定地区的烹调风格

that are specific to a region.
和食品种类

Southern-style cooking
南派烹饪

is often called "American comfort food"
常被称作“美国的爽心美食”

and includes dishes such as fried chicken,
包括一些菜肴，如炸鸡

collard greens, black-eyed peas and corn bread.
芥蓝菜、豇豆和玉米面包

Tex-Mex,
美墨边境烹饪

popular in Texas and the Southwest,
流行于美国德克萨斯和西南部

is a blend of Spanish and Mexican cooking styles
是一种混合了西班牙和墨西哥特点烹饪方式

and includes items
其特色菜

such as chili and burritos and relies heavily
包括辣椒和墨西哥卷饼，菜式严重依赖

on shredded cheese and beans.
奶酪丝和豆类

Did you know?
你知道吗

The American Style of Eating
美国人的饮食方式

American style eating is done by holding the knife
美国人往往用右手拿刀

in the right hand and the fork in the left hand.
用左手拿叉子进行用餐

After the knife is used to cut the food
用刀切完食物后

while the food is held by the fork,
再用叉子叉起食物

the knife is placed near the top of the plate,
餐刀习惯放在盘子顶部附近

blade facing in.
刀刃朝里

The fork is then switched to the right hand
然后把叉子换到右手

and used to pick up the piece of food,
用来叉起那块食物

tines facing up.
尖端朝上