2.6 U.S.:The Civil War在线视频

Since its independence,
自从独立以来

America has experienced only one war
美国在历史上

on the mainland in its history,
只经历过一次本土战争

that is the civil war.
那就是内战

Part 1 How did the American Civil War start?
第一部分 美国内战是如何开始的？

The Civil War is the central event
内战在历史上促进美国觉醒

in America's historical consciousness.
起了很关键的作用

While the Revolution of 1776-1783 created the United States,
1776-1783年的独立战争创造了美国

the Civil War of 1861-1865 determined
1861-1865年的内战定义了

what kind of nation it would be.
美国的国家性质

Economic, political and moral factors
经济、政治和道德因素

combined in contributing to the American Civil War.
共同促成了美国内战

Economically, fast-growing capitalism,
在经济上

mainly in the northern states,
北方各州快速发展的资本主义

demanded a unified domestic market,
要求统一的国内市场

high protective tariffs and free labor,
高保护性关税和自由的劳动力

while the southern plantation economy,
而南方种植园经济则以奴隶制为基础

based on slavery, prevented the development of capitalism.
阻碍了资本主义的发展

It all started because of uncompromising differences
这一切都是出于

between the free and slave states over the power
在自由州和奴隶州之间

of the national government to prohibit slavery
在国家政府禁止未成州领土上的奴隶制

in the territories that had not yet become states.
权力问题上不可调和的矛盾

When Abraham Lincoln won election in 1860
1860年亚伯拉罕・林肯赢得大选

as the first Republican president on a platform,
作为第一位当选的共和党总统

he pledged to keep slavery out of the territories.
他保证将奴隶制驱逐出美国领土

However, seven slave states in the deep South withdrew
然而 南方七个奴隶制国家退出

and formed a new nation,
并形成了一个新的国家

the Confederate States of America.
美国南部邦联

The incoming Lincoln administration
即将上台的林肯政府

and most of the Northern people refused to recognize
和大多数北方人拒绝承认

the legitimacy of secession.
脱离联邦的合法性

They feared that it would discredit democracy
他们担心这会败坏民主的信誉

and create a fatal precedent
并开创一个致命的先例

that would eventually fragment the no-longer United States
最终将已不复存在的美国分裂成

into several small, squabbling countries.
几个争吵不休的小国

The event that triggered war came at Fort Sumter
1861年4月12日 发生在查尔斯顿湾的萨姆特要塞事件

in Charleston Bay on April 12, 1861.
成为了战争的导火线

The South was well prepared for the war
南方为这场战争做了充分的准备

and was mainly fighting defensively on its territory.
主要是在其领土上进行防御斗争

With the advantages of a strong military tradition
凭借强大的军事传统和

and many experienced military leaders,
经验丰富的军事领袖的优势

the South won many early battles.
南方赢得了许多早期战役

But the North enjoyed advantages
但北方在人口

of a larger population and greater economic
经济和工业实力上

and industrial strength.
更胜一筹

More importantly,
更重要的是

the North took the moral high ground
北方站在道德制高点

and won full support of its people
赢得了人民和

and from the international society.
国际社会的全力支持

Federal troops gradually gained the upper hand in the war.
联邦军队在战争中逐渐占上风

Part 2 Emancipation Proclamation
第二部分 解放奴隶宣言

In 1863, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation,
1863年 林肯宣读解放宣言

a presidential proclamation and executive order.
这是一份总统宣言和行政命令

That on the first day of January,
1863年元月1日起

in the year of our Lord

one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three,

all persons held as slaves within any State
凡在当地人民尚在反抗合众国的任何一州之内

or designated part of a State,
或一州的指明地区之内

the people whereof shall then be in rebellion
为人占有而做奴隶的人们

against the United States, shall be then,
都应在那时

henceforward, and forever free;
及以后永远获得自由

and the Executive Government of the United States,
合众国政府行政部门

including the military and naval authority thereof,
包括海陆军当局

will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons,
将承认并保障这些人的自由

and will do no act or acts to repress such persons,
当他们或他们之中的任何人

or any of them, in any efforts they may make
为自己的自由而作任何努力时

for their actual freedom.”
不作任何压制他们的行为

When it took effect in January 1863,
1863年1月生效时

the Emancipation Proclamation freed 3.1 million
解放宣言解放了全国400万个

of the nation's 4 million slaves.
奴隶中的310万个

In a single stroke,
这一下子

it changed the federal legal status of those enslaved people
它就把南方指定地区被奴役者的联邦法律地位

in the designated areas of the South from "slave" to "free".
从“奴隶”变为“自由”

It had the practical effect that
它的实际意义是

as soon as a slave escaped
奴隶一旦通过逃跑

the control of the Confederate government,
或者加入军队

by running away or through advances of federal troops,
脱离南方政府的统治

the slave became legally free.
他们在法律上就自由了

Eventually it reached and liberated
最终它解放了所有

all of the designated slaves.
指定地区内的奴隶

It was issued as a war measure during the American Civil War,
它是在美国内战期间作为战争措施发布的

directed to all of the areas in rebellion
针对叛乱的所有地区和

and all segments of the executive branch of the United States.
美国行政部门的所有部门

By the spring of 1865
1865年春天

all the principal Confederate armies surrendered,
所有主要的南部联盟军队都投降了

and when Union cavalry captured
1865年5月10日

the fleeing Confederate President Jefferson Davis
当联邦骑兵在格鲁吉亚抓住了逃亡的

in Georgia on May 10, 1865,
南部联盟总统杰斐逊・戴维斯时

resistance collapsed and the war ended.
抵抗力量瓦解 战争结束

The long, painful process of rebuilding a united nation
一个漫长而痛苦的重建没有奴隶制的

free of slavery began.
共和国的过程开始了

Part 3 The Significance of the Civil War
第三部分 南北战争的意义

Northern victory in the war preserved the United States
北方战争的胜利维护了美国作为一个国家的地位

as one nation and ended the institution of slavery
并结束了从一开始就分裂了

that had divided the country from its beginning.
这个国家的奴隶制度

But these achievements came at the cost of 625,000 lives
但是这些成就是以62万5千人的

--nearly as many American soldiers
生命为代价的

as died in all the other wars in which this country
几乎与美国在其它战争中

has fought combined.
死亡的人数加起来一样多

The American Civil War was the largest
这是西方世界从1815年拿破仑战争结束到

and most destructive conflict in the Western world
1914年第一次世界大战爆发之间

between the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815
最大规模的战争

and the onset of World War I in 1914.

The war resolved two fundamental questions
这场战争解决了革命遗留下来的

left unresolved by the revolution:
两个根本问题

whether the United States was to be a dissolvable confederation
美国到底是主权国家可分解的联盟

of sovereign states or an indivisible nation
还是与主权国家政府

with a sovereign national government;
不可分割的国家

and whether this nation,
是否这个宣告

born of a declaration that all men were created
人人享有平等自由

with an equal right to liberty,
权利的国家

would continue to exist
将继续作为世界上

as the largest slaveholding country in the world.
最大的奴隶国

It completed the American Revolution
它完成了美国革命

and removed the obstacles to the development of capitalism
消除了美国资本主义发展的障碍

in the US and laid a good foundation
为美国在二十世纪崛起成为

for the rise of the US as a world power in the 20th century.
世界强国奠定了良好的基础

Did you know?
你知道吗？

First slaves:
第一批奴隶：

slavery in America began when the first African slaves
美国的第一批非洲奴隶在1619年被带到

were brought to the North American colony of Jamestown,
弗吉尼亚詹姆士镇的北美殖民地

Virginia, in 1619

Miserable life:
悲惨的生活：

Teaching slaves to read was discouraged or prohibited,
为了打消逃避或反抗的愿望

so as to hinder aspirations for escape or rebellion.
奴隶不被允许学习和阅读

Slaves were punished by whipping, shackling, beating,
奴隶会受到鞭打 镣铐 殴打

mutilation, branding and/or imprisonment.
致残 烙印和或监禁的惩罚

Uncle Tom's Cabin:
《汤姆叔叔的小屋》：

It’s the best-selling novel of the 19th century,
它是19世纪最畅销的小说

and the second best-selling book
也是继《圣经》之后的

of that century following the Bible
本世纪第二畅销书

Uncle Tom's Cabin is an anti-slavery novel
是美国作家哈丽特・比彻・斯托创作的

by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe.
有关反奴隶制的小说

Published in 1852,
这部小说于1852出版

the novel "helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War".
“为‘内战’奠定了基础”