11.1 Geography and History在线视频

Unit 11 Australia

11.1 Geography and History
11.1地理和历史

Hi, when thinking of Australia,
嗨，想到澳大利亚

what comes to your mind?
你会想到什么？

The beautiful beach or the lovely koala?
美丽的海滩还是可爱的考拉？

In this unit, we will present you
在本单元中，我们

a complete picture of Australia,
将为您展现一幅完整的澳大利亚画面

from geography to politics,
从地理到政治

from economy to culture.
从经济到文化

First, we will see some basic facts of Australia.
首先，我们来看看澳大利亚的一些基本情况

It's officially called
它的官方名称

the Commonwealth of Australia.
为澳大利亚联邦

It is located in the Southern hemisphere
它位于南半球

and it is a country comprising the mainland
是一个由澳大利亚大陆

of the Australian continent,
塔斯马尼亚岛

the island of Tasmania and many smaller islands.
和许多小岛组成的国家

It comprises a land area of almost
它占地面积

7.7 million square kilometres,
近770万平方公里

which makes it the world's sixth-largest country
是世界上总面积第六大国家

by total area.
澳大利亚的陆地面积

The land area of Australia is almost
几乎和除去阿拉斯加

as great as that of the United States of America,
的美国

excluding Alaska,
一样大

and 32 times greater than the United Kingdom.
面积是英国的32倍。

The neighbouring countries includes
邻国包括

Papua New Guinea, Indonesia 
北部的巴布亚新几内亚、印度尼西亚

the East Timor to the north;
和东帝汶

the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu
东北部的所罗门群岛和瓦努阿图

to the north-east;
东南部

and New Zealand to the south-east.
的新西兰

Australia's capital is Canberra,
澳大利亚的首都是堪培拉

while its largest city is Sydney.
最大的城市是悉尼

Australia is on the Indo-Australian Plate
澳大利亚位于印度-澳大利亚板块上

and surrounded by the Indian and Pacific oceans,
被印度洋和太平洋包围

it is the world's smallest continent
是世界上最小的大陆

and sometimes considered the world's
有时被认为是世界上

largest island.
最大的岛屿

Australia's size gives it
澳大利亚幅员辽阔

a wide variety of landscapes,
景色多样

with tropical rainforests in the north-east,
东北部有热带雨林

mountain ranges in the south-east,
东南部

south-west and east,
西南部

and dry desert in the centre.
和东部有山脉，中部有干燥的沙漠

It is the flattest continent,
它是最平坦的大陆

with the oldest and least fertile soils.
它是最平坦的大陆，拥有最古老和最贫瘠的土壤

it is the driest inhabited continent,
它是人类居住的最干燥的大陆

and the annual rainfall
大陆地区的

averaged over continental area
年平均降雨量

is less than 500 mm.
不足500毫米

Australian forests
澳大利亚的森林

are mostly made up of evergreen species.
主要由常绿树种组成

The well-known Australian animals include
著名的动物

kangaroos, koalas, wombats,
包括袋鼠、树袋熊、袋熊

and birds such as emus and the kookaburras.
以及像鸸鹋和翠鸟这样的鸟类
。

Also,
此外

Australia is home to many dangerous animals
澳大利亚还有许多危险的动物

including some of the most venomous snakes
包括世界上

in the world.
最毒的蛇

Australia has six states.
澳大利亚有六个州

They are New South Wales, Queensland,
他们是新南威尔士、昆士兰

South Australia, Tasmania,
南澳大利亚、塔斯马尼亚

Victoria and Western Australia.
维多利亚和西澳大利亚

Each state is governed by its own constitution.
每个州都由自己的宪法管辖

In addition to the six states,
除六个州外

Australia has ten territories,
澳大利亚还有十个领土属地

and most of them are off the coastline.
它们大部分都在内陆

The population density
人口密度是

is among the lowest in the world,
世界上最低的

and it was estimated
据估计

at about 25 million in 2019,
2019年人口约为2500万

although a large proportion of the population
其中很大一部分人

lives along the temperate
生活在温带

south-eastern coastline.
东南海岸线上

The major cities include Canberra,
主要城市包括堪培拉

Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth,
悉尼、墨尔本、布里斯班、珀斯

Adelaide and Darwin.
阿德莱德和达尔文

Sydney is the state capital of New South Wales.
悉尼是新南威尔士州的首府悉尼是新南威尔士州的首府

It is the largest city in the country,
它是澳大利亚最大的城市

and its surrounds contain around 20%
其周边地区约

of the entire population of Australia
占澳大利亚总人口的20%

at about 4.9 million people.
人口约490万

Sydney is an extremely diverse city,
悉尼是一个非常多样化的城市

with a huge number of ethnic
那里居住着大量的民族

and cultural groups living there.
和文化群体

The largest of which include
其中有为数众多的英国人

British, Chinese and New Zealanders.
中国人和新西兰人

Someone who lives in Sydney
住在悉尼及其郊区的人

and its suburbs is colloquially known
通俗地说

as a Sydneysider.
就是悉尼人

Perhaps Sydney's most famous icon
也许悉尼最著名的标志

is the Sydney Opera House.
是悉尼歌剧院

It was completed in 1973,
该工程于1973年竣工

taking 14 years
历时14年

and 10 thousand construction workers to build,
施工人员1万人

with a final total cost of $102 million.
最终总造价1.02亿美元

Its sister landmark, the Sydney Harbour Bridge,
它的姊妹地标，悉尼海港大桥

was finished in 1932
于1932年完工

and took 272,000 litres of paint to cover,
消耗了二十七万两千升油漆覆盖

and that is just for the first coat.
而这只是第一层漆

You can climb the Sydney Harbour Bridge
作为探险体验

as part of an adventure
您可以在早上

experience in the morning, evening or at night
或晚上攀登悉尼海港大桥

While another big city is Melbourne,
另一个大城市是墨尔本

it is Victoria's vibrant capital ,
它是维多利亚生机勃勃的首都

a wonderful city
这是一个美妙的城市

that is often ranked amongst the world's
每年都被列为世界上

most liveable each year.
最宜居的城市之一

Melbourne was the capital city of Australia
墨尔本曾1901年至1927年

for 26 years
连续26年

between 1901 and 1927,
为澳大利亚的首都

before the capital shifted to Canberra.
直到首都迁移到堪培拉

It has the largest tram system outside of Europe,
它拥有欧洲以外最大的有轨电车系统

and the fourth largest in the world overall.
规模全球第四

Melbourne was originally named Batmania,
墨尔本最初以其开国元勋之一约翰·巴特曼

after one of its founding fathers, John Batman.
的名字命名为“巴曼尼亚”

Almost half of the population of Melbourne
几乎墨尔本一半的人口

wasn't even born in Australia.
都不是在澳大利亚出生的

And person who lives in
人们把住在

or comes from Melbourne
或来自墨尔本的人

is called a Melbournian.
称为墨尔本人

History
历史

Then when was Australia discovered?
澳大利亚是什么时候被发现的？

According to historians,
历史学家认为

the history of Australia begins with the arrival
澳大利亚的历史始于

of the Aborigines.
土著人的到来

The Aborigines
土著是澳大利亚的第一批居民

were the first inhabitants of Australia.
他们可能

They probably migrated from Southeast Asia
在四万二千年至四万八千年前

by land bridges and short sea-crossings
通过陆桥和短途的

to this continent
海上通道

between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago. 
从东南亚移居到这片大陆。

The first recorded European landfall
1606年

on the Australian continent
荷兰航海家威廉·詹森

is attributed to the Dutch navigator 
首次创造了欧洲人

Willem Janszoon in 1606.
在澳大利亚大陆登陆的记录

The Dutch charted the whole of the western
荷兰人绘制了整个西部

and northern coastlines
和北部海岸线图

and named the island continent
并将该岛大陆命名为

"New Holland". In 1770, 
“新荷兰”

James Cook sailed along
1770年，詹姆斯·库克航行

and mapped the east coast,
并绘制了东海岸的地图

which he named New South Wales
他将东海岸命名为新南威尔士

and claimed for Great Britain.
并声称其属于英国

With the loss of its American colonies in 1783,
1783年，随着美国殖民地的丧失

the British Government sent a fleet of ships,
英国政府派遣了一支

the "First Fleet",
名为“第一舰队”的舰队

under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip,
在阿瑟·菲利普船长的指挥下

to establish a new penal colony 
在新南威尔士州建立了

in New South Wales.
一个新的刑事殖民地

Penal colony means a place where
刑事殖民地是指

unwanted people such as prisoners are put.
专门放置囚犯等被放逐的人的地方

They set up a camp and raised the flag
1788年1月26日

at Sydney Cove, Port Jackson,
他们在悉尼湾杰克逊港

on 26 January 1788.
驻扎营地并升起旗帜

And this date became Australia's national day,
这一天成为澳大利亚的国庆日

Australia Day.
澳大利亚日

This first settlement
第一个殖民地

led to the foundation of Sydney
造就了悉尼的建立

and the exploration and settlement
和对其他地区的

of other regions.
开拓和殖民

Since then, convicts, prisoners,
从那时起，囚犯和被放逐的罪人

were continuously transported to the colonies.
不断地被运到这里

On 1 January 1901, 
1901年1月1日

federation of the colonies was founded
殖民地联邦经过十年的

after a decade of planning,
规划

consultation and voting.
协商和投票后成立

This established the Commonwealth of Australia
这使澳大利亚联邦成为

as a dominion of the British Empire.
大英帝国的自治领土

In 1914,
在1914年

Australia joined Britain in fighting World War I.
澳大利亚和英国一起

Australians took part in many of the major battles
参加了第一次世界大战

fought on the Western Front.
澳大利亚人参加了许多在西线作战的重大战役

Over 400,000 served in the war,
超过40万人在战争中服役

among them, 60,000 were killed
其中6万人失去了生命

and another 152,000 were wounded.
152,000受伤

Many Australians regard the defeat
许多澳大利亚人

of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps
认为澳大利亚和新西兰军队

ANZACs at Gallipoli as the birth of the nation,
在加利波利的胜利是国家的诞生的标志性

because it was its first major military action.
因为这是它的第一次主要的军事行动

The final constitutional ties
随着1986年澳大利亚法案的通过

between Australia and the UK were cut
澳大利亚和英国之间的最终宪法联系被切断

with the passing of the Australia Act in 1986,
该法案结束了英国在澳大利亚

this Act ended any British role in the government
各州政府中的

of the Australian States.
任何角色

While in the referendum in 1999,
而在1999年的全民公决中

55% of voters and a majority in every state
55%的选民和每个州的

rejected a proposal to make Australia
多数人拒绝了让澳大利亚

to become a republic with a president.
成为一个拥有总统的共和国的提议

Thus it remains as a member
因此，它仍然是

of the Commonwealth of Nations.
英联邦的一员