2.1 英语地名解析在线视频

Good morning everyone,
大家上午好

today we’ll talk about English place names.
今天我们探讨一下英语地名

First, I’ll ask you a question
首先 我要问一个问题

When you come across English place names in reading,
你读书时遇到英语地名

How would you do?
怎么处理的

Omit them deliberately
哼唧着

just murmur
哼唧着

don’t be shy,
不需要不好意思

no one will laugh at you!
没有人会嘲笑你

Even if you’re English speaking,
即使是英语为母语的人

you may not know how to pronounce
也不知道许多英语地名

many of the place names,
怎么读出

because there is very little to connect the way
因为地名的拼写与发音

a name is written with the way it is pronounced.
关联不大

But tell me,
我想知道是什么难住了你

what get you down?
地名的发音还是拼写

Its spelling.
拼写

Its pronunciation in my eyes
在我看来

it’s meaningless!
发音毫无意义

Yeah, me too.
对的 我有同感

When I was young
我小时候

I couldn’t help asking such questions:
也不禁问过这样的问题

How did it get its name?
英语地名是怎么得名的

What does it mean?
意思是什么

And why did the original inhabitants of
为什么当地人那样命名

the town or village name the place in that way?
他们的城市或村庄

Was it something to do with the people there?
地名和当地居民有关吗

Or was it because of the flora, fauna or geography?
或是因为当地的植物 动物或地理环境吗

So, I think,
因此 我想

if we can connect its spelling and pronunciation with meaning,
如果我们能够在拼写与意义间建立起联系

we may find a better way to learn it.
我们就能找到更好的学习英语地名了

In general, there are three types of English place names.
一般地说，英语地名主要有三种

The first type is folk names.
第一种地名与当地人有关的

They are derived from the person or group of people
这种地名得名于

who first settled in the area.
人名或族名

The second type is habitative names,
第二种地名是与栖息地相关

they contain some element
这种地名

which indicate the human settlement.
包含有人类居住环境的一些因素

The third is topographical names,
第三种地名与地形地貌相关

they describe some feature of the landscape.
地名以描述当地地理特征为主。

Most Folk names are Old English
大多与人相关的地名是

appeared in Anglo-Saxon.
与盎格鲁-萨克森人有关的古英语地名

Such as Essex and Sussex.
比如艾塞克斯和苏塞克斯

Essex means the territory of the East Saxons,
艾塞克斯的意思是东萨克森人的领地

Sussex means the territory of the South Saxons.
苏塞克斯的意思为南萨克森人的领地

There are many other toponymic suffixes of old English,
还有很多古英语的地名后缀

such as –ing, ingas, -ham etc.
像-ing ingas -ham等

The Vikings had many Old Norse names ending
维京人还用古挪威语命名了

In -ham, -by, -thorpe, -stoke\stock.
以-ham -by -thorpe -stoke\stock为后缀的地名

In English history,
在英语发展史上

Anglo-Saxon and Viking settlement
盎格鲁-萨克森人与维京人在英国的定居

had a great impact
对英语地名的形成

on the formation of English place names.
产生了深刻影响。

Old English and Old Norse are two similar languages.
古英语和古挪威语是两种相似的语言

They mixed very well.
二者彼此融合的非常好

Both people had a tradition
并且盎格鲁-萨克森人与维京人都有

to name a place after the person or group of people.
以人名或族名命名的传统

The structure of their place names is:
他们命名的地名结构通常为

personal name and settlement or place or farm.
人名+定居地 或人名+地点 或人名+农场

Later,
后来

English people further developed this tradition,
英国人进一步发展了他们的这一命名传统

and named many countries in the world
并且还以这种方式用他们继承来的地名后缀

with the inherited toponymic suffixes,
在世界上命名了许多地名，

such as -ia from Greek,
比如英语吸收了古希腊语指地后缀-ia

-stan from Zend ,
古波斯语后缀-stan

-land from Germanic.
还有日耳曼语后缀-land

Look at Europe:
看看欧洲地图

so many countries’ names end in –ia and -land:
许多国家名称都是以后缀-a -land 结尾

Croatia,
克罗地亚

Albania,
阿尔巴尼亚

Latvia,
拉脱维亚

Slovenia,
斯洛文尼亚

Russia,
俄罗斯

Lithuania,
立陶宛

Estonia,
爱沙尼亚

Romania,
罗马尼亚

Bulgaria,
保加利亚

Serbia,
塞尔维亚

Austria;
奥地利

and Poland,
和波兰

Switzerland,
瑞士

Finland,
芬兰

Ireland,
爱尔兰

Iceland,
冰岛

Greenland.
格陵兰

In Asia, there are India,
在亚洲 有印度

Indonesia,
印度尼西亚

Malaysia,
马来西亚

Thailand ;
泰国

in Middle Asia,
在中亚

there are countries names end in –stan:
有很多以 –stan为指地后缀的国家名

Pakistan,
巴基斯坦

Afghanistan,
阿富汗

Kazakhstan,
哈萨克斯坦

Kyrgyzstan,
吉尔吉斯坦

Tajikistan,
塔吉克斯坦

Uzbekistan.
乌兹别克斯坦

Here, we can see,
由此 我们可以看出

English Place names in the world contain two parts ,
世界上的英语地名结构包含来两部分

the first part is Transliteration of local word ,
第一部分是当地名以英译形式

the second part is toponymic suffix
第二部分是指地后缀

For example "Malaysia"
比如“马来西亚”

is a combination of the word "Malay",
就是由“马来 ”

and the Greek suffix –ia,
加上英语吸收的希腊语后缀 –a

the word Malay may derive from the local words means
“马来”是当地发音 意思为

"mountain" , “city” or “place”,
“山” “城市”或“地方”

-ia is a suffix, means land;
-a 是后缀 意为“土地”或“领土”

in west Africa, there is a region named Togoland,
在西非 有个叫“多哥兰”的地名

togo is the local pronunciation,
“多哥”是当地发音

means the land near a lagoon.
意为“靠近潟湖的地方”

Pakistan, parki means pure,
巴基斯坦 “巴基”意为“纯洁的”

-stan means a place.
“斯坦”指“地方”

By this way, from place names,
以这种方式 通过地名

we can learn its history,
我们可以了解一个地区的历史

culture and geography of a region.
文化和地理状况。

Do you have an idea how to build a connection
你们现在能够在地名的

between the spelling, pronunciation and meaning?
拼写 发音和意义之间建立起联系吗

I hope after you finish the assignment,
希望你们完成这一讲的学习和作业后

you may have a better understanding of English place names.
能够更好的理解英语地名

Thank you.
谢谢