Chapter 1 Part 1在线视频

Hello everyone

I am Hua Yao from Capital Medical university

Today we are going to start the first part

the basics of writing

Now we are going to work on Chapter 1

punctuation

Punctuation is used

to separate

and organize ideas within and between sentences

The punctuation marks

are devised to eliminate ambiguities

so they should be applied

prudently and consistently

Mistakes in punctuation undercut

the authority of the text

and compromise the credibility of your work

The most commonly used punctuation marks

in medical papers

are the comma and period

Other punctuation marks

frequently used include

colon semicolon quotation marks

parentheses dash and hyphen

Writers must be sure to apply them correctly

In this lecture you are expected to

know some punctuation rules

apply the punctuation rules in your writing

Now let’s work on the usage of these

punctuations

First period

Please find out the punctuation errors

of the following sentences

1

Most previous studies found

that faster cognitive decline

was associated with an increased risk of death

after adjusting for initial cognitive function

however

Bruce et al reported that

the association between cognitive decline

and mortality dropped to null

when adjusted for initial cognitive function

In this sentence

a period is needed after cognitive function

not comma

because the statement ends there

and However starts a new sentence

There is also a mistake in this sentence

after the abbreviation

et al a period is needed

So this is the revised version

Now let’s look at the second one

This the first study

to investigate temporal associations

between pride

and subsequent reported falls in a large

sample of English older adults

Our findings suggest that

pride may actually

be protective against falls

rather than being a contributing  factor

the mistake of this sentence

is an extra space is

placed between the last word adults

and the period

Actually no space is needed here

So this is the revised version

Many agents that slow gastric emptying

also have other effects

such as

stimulation of insulin

secretion as well as suppression of appetite

and reduction in food intake

eg leptin

we can see two mistakes

First the parentheses and information

were placed after the period

Actually they should be placed

before the period

Second

no period was placed

for the abbreviation e g

The period should be added after the e and g

So this is the revised version

Now we can understand the rules

of using periods

1 Use periods at the end of statements

2 No space is placed before a period

and one space separates

a period from the following sentence

3 the parentheses

and information should be placed

before the period

4 Use periods to punctuate some

abbreviations such as et al eg

Now let’s look at the comma

Please find out the punctuation errors

of the following sentences

1 Although there have been many reports of

rapid gastric emptying in long standing diabetes

clinicians and investigators

traditionally have focused primarily

on slow gastric emptying

We can see no comma is used in this sentence

However a comma is needed

after in long standing diabetes

When there is no comma after

such an introductory clause

the reader might not understand

where the main clause

of the sentence begins

So this is the revised version

2 There are many reports

about the adults with obesity

However there is a lack of data

in adolescent populations with obesity

In this sentence

still no comma is used

Actually a comma is needed after however

Commas are needed because

the conjunctive adverbs

such as nevertheless

however and therefore are interrupters

that mark a shift or contrast in a sentence

So here is the revised version

3This study was a pragmatic multicenter

double blind placebo controlled

and randomized trial

This sentence is introducing the study sign

but no comma is used between each design

commas are needed after the words pragmatic

multicenter double blind and placebo controlled

So here is the revised version

4

We hypothesized that

the presence of diabetes would

over the medium term

be independently associated with adverse

renal outcomes

in patients with multiple hospital admissions

In this sentence

a comma is needed before the interrupting phrase

over the medium term

So here is the revised version

5 Our findings should increase public

awareness of the potential risk of

imported infections

And it can help health care providers

to make evidence based health

recommendations to travelers

In this sentence a comma is needed

before “and”

because and is linking the independent clauses

to form compound sentences

So here is the revised version

6This leads to progressive

right ventricular dysfunction

which is associated with

high morbidity and mortality

In this sentence

a space is needed before “which”

and no space is needed before the comma

So here is the revised version

Now we can understand the rules

of using commas

1 Use a comma after an introductory

dependent clause

which are signaled by words

such as after

although as because before

if since unless when and while

2 Use commas after conjunctive adverbs

at the beginning of sentences or clauses

3 Use commas to link items in a

series of three or more

4 Use commas to enclose various

interrupting phrases and clauses

5 Use commas before and

or nor for but yet and so

when these words link independent clauses

to form compound sentences

6 A comma has no space before it

and one space after it

Now let’s look at the colons

Please find out the punctuation errors

of the following sentences

1 The more recently isolated enteroviruses

have been named with a system

of consecutive numbers

EV68 EV69 EV70 and EV71 42

In this sentence

a colon should be placed

after “consecutive numbers”comma

Because the colon can be used

to introduce specific numbers

that illustrate “consecutive numbers”

So this is the revised verison

2 The recorded vital signs were heart rate

respiration rate

and blood pressure

In this sentence

the colon after“The recorded vital

signs were” should be deleted

Because the verb “were” has already had

the function of introducing the important items

If we change it as

“Three vital signs were recorded in the report”

then a colon should be placed

to introduce the important items

here is the revised version

3 We classified diagnosis according to the main

transmission route of each infection

respiratory

gastro intestinal

blood transmitted and sex transmitted

In this sentence

there should be a space after the colon

Here is the revised version

Now we can understand the rules of using colons

1 Use colons to introduce examples

explanations

and significant words and phrases

2 Do not place a colon after a verb

because the verb also introduces the items

and the colon would be redundant

3 No space precedes

a colon and one space follows it

Now let’s work on the semicolon

Please find out the punctuation errors

of the following sentences

1 Couple years of followup

could be eligible

the reason for eligibility

was prioritized in the following order

In this sentence

after “could be eligible”

a semicolon should be used to join two

independent clauses

closely related in thought

Here is the revised version

2 Medication prescribed by physicians

parents

and health professionals should be scheduled

so as not to be taken during the school day

however if that is not possible medication

will be administrated in accordance

with school guidelines

In this sentence

the semicolon should be used

before “However”

to join independent clauses connected by

conjunctive adverbs

in order to emphasize

the connection between the two sentences

Here is the revised version

3 We found a lower rate of disabling

stroke in the experimental group

although the difference was not significant

these findings were similar to those in a previous

randomized trial involving patients

at increased risk for surgery

In this sentence

a space should be placed after the semicolon

Here is the revised version

Now we can understand the rules

of using semicolons

1 Use semicolons to join independent

clauses closely related in thought

2 Use semicolons to join independent clauses

connected by conjunctive adverbs

3 No space precedes a semicolon

and one space follows it