Chapter 10 Part 1在线视频

Hello

everyone

I am TaoXin from Capital Medical University

Now we're going to talk about

chapter ten discussion

part one introduction

The discussion section is the last

part of the research paper

If there is not a separate

conclusion section

truly as described

by the same

last but not the least

this is the section that comes at last

but it pushes the whole writing

to the climax

and it does generally

the most difficult part to right

After you have raised the question

in the introduction

described the materials

and methods you have used

to find the answer

and reported the results

and data you have got

now you need to give readers

a clear answer to the question

Moreover

you need to convince the readers

that your answer is true

important

and supported by answers

from other studies

A poor discussion

may disappoint journal editors

Even though the data is both

valid and interesting

it confuses readers of

the true meaning of the data

A well polished of discussion

in contrast

could convince them of both the validity

and importance

of the bit of truth

you have found in your paper

and thus leave a strong final impression

This chapter includes six parts

functions of discussion

structure of discussion

writing tips for discussion

case analysis

summary and practices

Chapter 2 functions of the discussion section

the discussion section post

the findings of the research in context

explains meanings of the results

and shows why they are important

It serves to show that the answer

or explanation provided by the study

is at the present time the best possible

at the findings of studies differ

The discussion section varies

in structure

organization and lens

In this lecture

we present some general rules

The discussion section should provide

both empirical and logical support

for the answer we have found

and should provide links between the answer

and explanation and applicable fields of study

to show the importance of what has been found

This section

could act as the global positioning system

to show how far we have moved

with a steady on a science road

Chapter Three

structure of the discussion section

The discussion section follows the comb structure

zooming out from your main findings

to the research context

including stating the answer

given explanations of the answer

pointing out limitations of the study

and importance of the study

first

to state the answer

Starting the discussion is a challenging task

One of the best choices

can be to start with the studies

major findings

that provide an answer to the research question

in the introduction

It is best to answer the question

exactly as it was asked

using the same key words

for variables and population

the same verb where appropriate

and the same point of view

Sometimes it is better to remind the readers

of the research question

and even provide a brief context

and then stayed the answer

2 to explain the answer

to support the answer

After the answer has been introduced

it is time to show how you contribute

to the existing knowledge

in the field of interest

and how their findings

fit into the general picture of the current research

The support of the answer can be provided

here

Results from both the present study

and other studies are presented

Organize their results from most to least important

with separate paragraphs and topic sentences

for each important result

2to explain the answer after the

supporting results hath been provided

The necessary explanation of the relationship

between the results

and the answer should be given

including why the answer is reasonable

and how does it fit in with the literature

Discrepancies between your study

and other studies

and also unexpected results in your steady

and discrepancy between pieces of your results

might destroy the general picture of your paper

and so you also need to give

explanations or defenses

Three to point out strengths and limitations

this includes both analyzing strengths

and limitations and explaining acceptability

Strengths can be related to the steady objectives

participants or methods

Becareful to claim priority with absolute statements

including for the first time

or a holy explains

If we feel strongly to claim a priority

soft in the claim with words like to

our knowledge

this is the first study

No study is perfect

It is important to outline the scope of the

steady by pointing out limitations and weaknesses

and clarify assumptions of the study

It is important to focus

on the limitation that matters

rather than beat around the bush

by listing general weaknesses

that also fit other studies

leaving the problems

there might not be a good idea

as these problems might override

the findings

Don't forget to explain why the limit cetaceans

weaknesses and assumptions are acceptable

in other words

try to provide a visible explanations

or solutions

4 to establish importance

either by describing practical use

applications and recommendations

or his dating theoretical use

implications with speculations

If the target journal does not require a

separate conclusion section

then it is necessary to add a paragraph

with the take home message

We can present a general statement

restating the answer to the research question

and connect the answer to the related fields

to show the importance of the study

Applications and recommendations

are the practical

immediate uses

though the answer can be put into

while implications and speculations are not

as well supported

applications are the most uncertain

and our uses to which answers can be put

Recommendations are slightly less certain

Those are the statements that advised

a specific action

Implications are still less certain

they are the logical step

that follows from the answer

but our alternative

as they are without supporting data

while speculations are the least asserted

they are an imaginative leap

Reasonable speculations can be useful

also

it is more effective to give a direction

for further research

through an implication of speculation

than to merely state

that further research is needed

Avoid overstating importance of this study

do not over inflate

the generalized the ability of the findings

and avoid claiming importance for results

that failed to reach statistical significance

We can use different signal phrases in verse

choices to show the difference between the four

The paper can end with the importance

of the steady described as an application

recommendation

implication or speculation

or with a final paragraph that restates the answer

Either way

you can leave the reader with a final impression

of the importance of the steady

close the discussion section with one or

two sentences as the take home message

The main conclusion

based on the study findings

provide a strong finish

and leave an impression

making broad claims

strong statements and vague conclusions

like more work is needed to be done

can be avoided

Writing off the discussion section

should convey confidence and authority

One effective way is to use the active voice

and first person pronouns

Part four

right in tips for the discussion section

it is important to keep

the discussion section result driven

That is only findings reported in the results section

should be discussed

Writers are not suggested to present findings

that have not been described

in the methods or results section

or to discuss about what

they had hoped to find

but did not

one

present the answer to the research question

or hypothesis with the same variables

verbs used in point of view

With those in the question

from the introduction section

the answer needs to be giving the first

or one of the first two sentences of the discussion

he will present

some commonly used a chunk phrases

for giving answers

This study shows that

our results suggest indicate our findings demonstrate

that in this study we provide evidence that

in this study we have shown or found that

in this study we found that

second

provide references for your key arguments

These are some commonly used chunk phrases

for supporting and explaining the answer

The evidence is that

evidence that

is that

we've found that

has been demonstrated in the following way

lent credence to

is also reminiscent of

or consistent with our findings

Our findings are in keeping with

provides support for

as confirmed in or in contrast with previous

or other researches

in contrast

were compared with the literature

of finding that conflicts with

the answer to the question

this finding cannot be attributed to

Rather

Rather

it appears

Third

limitations should be specific to your own steady

here will present some commonly used

tongue phrases for pointing out limitations

The imprecision

could have risen from limitations of the method

Another limitation of our method

Despite these limitations are method

has advantages over those previously used

This is a reasonable assumption because

four End the discussion section

by connecting the answer to the world

through an application recommendation

implication or speculation

here we present some commonly used chunk

phrases for describing importance

Should be considered need to be are crucial for

essential to

five

use the active voice and first person pronouns

part five sample analysis

Sample one

here will present the research questions

which appeared at the end of the introduction

and answers to the questions

which come at the end of the discussion

section of an article entitled

Tooth Brushing Inflammation and

receive cardiovascular Disease

Results from Scottish Health

Survey from British Medical Journal

As we can see from the above example

the tooth in his is presenting answers

to the two questions

in the introduction

uses the same cures for the variables

tooth brushing and cardiovascular disease

in the first answer and concentrations

of C reactive protein and the fabric of religion

In the second answer

and the same verb in both cases is associated with

Pay attention to the change of Tens

from past tense in describing

completed actions in the questions

to the present tensing the answers

to these questions

indicating a shift

from reporting completed action

to proposing facts found in the study

A general rule for using tenses in the

discussion section is to use past tends

to describe details of your study and findings

while

use present tense to discuss mechanisms

explain meanings

present no and proved facts

and look forward to future

studies

sample 2

hear will present another article from Lancet

entitled living near Major Roads

and the Incidence of Dementia

Parkinson's Disease and multiple sclerosis

a population based cohort study

In this example

we can see the predictor variable

is exposure to traffic

which is measured by residential

proximity to major railways

And the outcome

Variable is the incidence of dementia

Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis

and the experimental design

is also specified in the research question

as a large population based cohort

The answer begins with a description

of the research design

which used exactly the same words

as those in the research question

the large population based cohort

The author is a slightly paraphrased

a description of the predictor

variable in the answer

and then they used to live in near major roads

and roadway proximity

The outcome variable in the answer

used the same keywords

as those in the question

which is the incidence of dementia

and incidents of Parkinson's disease

or multiple sclerosis

The verbs

was associated with and found

no association

echoed the word

association in a research question

These verbs are in the past tense

since authors are describing associations

found in this large population based cohort

and they appear to be cautious

concerning whether this association

applies universally

So in this example we can see that basically

the authors used the same key words

and the same verbs

in answer with those in the question