Chapter 6 Part 2在线视频

Now let’s work on writing tips and case analysis

The first tip is Informative and Complete

An informative and complete title

should include the sufficient and necessary information for readers to know

either what the research is about or what the research has discovered

Use study keywords and key terms

Inform readers about independent variable

dependent variable observed effects and study population

Now let’s look at some examples

The first one

Effects of Intensive Diet and Exercise on Knee Joint Loads Inflammation

and Clinical Outcomes Among Overweight

and Obese Adults With Knee Osteoarthritis

The IDEA Randomized Clinical Trial

In this title

We can see it provides the sufficient and necessary information of the research paper

independent variable is “intensive diet and exercise”

dependent variables are “Knee Joint Loads Inflammation and Clinical Outcomes”

and the population is “Overweight and Obese Adults With Knee Osteoarthritis”

The type and methods of the research are also provided in the subtitle

“The IDEA Randomized Clinical Trial”

We can see Every element is well-defined

The important variables

the key words and terms of the paper are all included in the title

if the writer missed one

it would not be complete

Now let’s look at another example

Effect of a Behavioral Intervention

to Increase Vegetable Consumptionon Cancer Progression

Among Men With Early-Stage Prostate Cancer

The MEAL Randomized Clinical Trial

Similar in this title

the title also provides the sufficient information

In the independent variable

“a Behavioral Intervention to Increase Vegetable Consumption”

the writer used infinitive phrase

“to increase ” to provide the purpose of “a Behavioral Intervention”

In the population

the writer used preposition “with”

to define the men who are included in the research

The key terms are included in the title

The second tip we are going to work on

is Accurate and clear

Titles need to be informative and enticing

to a potential reader quickly scanning a table of contents

or performing an online search

while at the same time

not being so general or vague as to obscure what the paper is about

So Being accurate and clear

means you need to use accurate and clear words to indicate the clear relationship

between variables and exact meaning of your research paper

Now let’s look at some examples

Effect of High-Dose vs Standard-Dose Wintertime Vitamin D Supplementation

on Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Young Healthy Children

We know that A preposition is a word

or a group of words used before a noun pronoun

or noun phrase to show direction time place location

or to introduce an object

Correct use of prepositions in the title makes it clear

and helps the reader to understand

how the title elements are related to each other

In this title

let’s pay attention to the preposition “in”

In the title

“in” is used to indicate the population “young healthy children”

“in” is also commonly used in front of the disease

purpose place or population for example

Effect of a Home-Based Exercise Intervention of Wearable Technology

and Telephone Coaching on Walking Performance in Peripheral Artery Disease

The HONOR Rndomized Clinical Trial

“in” here is followed by the “Peripheral Artery Disease”

Another one

Montelukast and fluticasone compared with salmeterol

and fluticasone in protecting against asthma exacerbation in adults

one year double blind randomised comparative trial

“in” is followed by “protecting against asthma exacerbation”

indicating the purpose of the medicine treating asthma

Next one

Long-term developmental effects

of withholding parenteral nutrition for 1 week

in the pediatric intensive care unit

a 2-year follow-up of the PEPaNIC international randomised controlled trial

“in” is followed by the place “pediatric intensive care unit”

Multidisciplinary diabetes care

with and without bariatric surgery in overweight people

a randomized controlled trial

“in” is followed by the population “overweight people”

Next Management of Coronary Disease in Patients with Advanced Kidney Disease

“in” is also followed by the population

“Patients with Advanced Kidney Disease”

Other typical prepositions used in the title are

“for” referring to a purpose “with” referring to having

“of” meaning belonging to or regrading

and “among” referring to the more than two etc

For example

Initial Invasive or Conservative Strategy for Stable Coronary Disease

Here “for” is referring to the purpose

treating “Stable Coronary Disease”

Next Clinical and cost effectiveness

of mobile phone supported self monitoring of asthma

multicentre randomized controlled trial

In this title

“of” is referring to belonging

“mobile phone supported self monitoring”

Next Effect of Acupuncture vs Sham Acupuncture

or Waitlist Control on Joint Pain Related to Aromatase Inhibitors

Among Women With Early-Stage Breast Cancer

In this title “with” is referring to having Early-Stage Breast Cancer

Next Effect of Ramipril on Walking Times

and Quality of Life Among Patients

With Peripheral Artery Disease and Intermittent Claudication

A Randomized Controlled Trial

In this title “among” is referring to involving three or more patients

Besides prepositions

the population can also be indicated through other ways

for example

Effectiveness of a childhood obesity prevention programme

delivered through schools targeting 6 and 7 year olds

cluster randomised controlled trial

In this title

the population is indicated clearly

and emphasized by the comma followed with gerund “targeting”

The relationship between the variables

can be accurately indicated by using “effect” rather than “relationship”

So “effect of independent variable on dependent variable”

is most commonly used pattern in hypothesis-testing papers

For example

Effect of Continuous Glucose Monitoring

on Hypoglycemia in Older Adults With Type1 Diabetes

A Randomized Clinical Trial

In this title

by using “effect of” rather than “relationship”

we can clearly know the independent variable is

continuous glucose monitoring

and dependent variable is

hypoglycemia and population is older adults

with type 1 diabetes

Next Effects of responsive stimulation

and nutrition interventions on children’s development

and growth at age 4 years in a disadvantaged population in Pakistan

a longitudinal follow-up

of a cluster-randomised factorial effectiveness trial

Similar in this title

we can also clearly tell the independent variable

is responsive stimulation and nutrition interventions

and dependent variable is children’s development and growth

at age 4 years and population

is a disadvantaged population in Pakistan

The another way we can use

is “impact of independent variable on dependent variable”

Let’s see this title

Impact of London’s road traffic air

and noise pollution on birth weight

retrospective population Based cohort study

in this title

we can clearly “impact of ”is followed by the independent variable

London’s road traffic air and noise pollution

preposition “on” is followed

by the dependent variable birth weight

There are other ways to make the titles accurate and clear

for example

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation to improve exercise capacity

in patients with severe COPD

a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial

in this title

infinitive phrase “To improve” is used

to clearly indicate the purpose of the

“Neuromuscular electrical stimulation”

Also the method is also placed clearly in the subtitle

Now let’s work on the third writing tip

Brief and concise

Being brief and concise means

we use the minimum words

to provide the sufficient information of the research paper

we can make titles concise by omitting unnecessary words

For example

Endovascular Revascularization and Supervised Exercise

for Peripheral Artery Disease and Intermittent Claudication

A Randomized Clinical Trial

This title is brief

the writer didn’t add “the studies of” in the beginning

Usually the title is brief

without “A Research on” at the beginning

The words “a research on ” “investigations on” and “a study on”

give no information and can be omitted

without changing the meaning of the title and making the title

Let’s see another example

ARTIST study of standardised consultation versus usual care for patients

with osteoarthritis of the knee in primary care in France

pragmatic randomised controlled trial

this title is brief even with the word “study of”

at the beginning

Because the writer used “ARTIST”in the very beginning

to modify the study

it is a key information and here the “study of ”can not be omitted

According to the grammar

the beginning of the title should be “The effect of …”

but for brevity

the definite article “the”

is usually omitted in the beginning of the title

For example

Effect of Laparoscopic vs Open Distal Gastrectomy

on 3-Year Disease-Free Survival in Patients

With Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer

The CLASS-01 Randomized Clinical Trial

We can see “the” is omitted for brevity

Now let’s work on the last tip

Appropriate word order

Paying attention to word order in the title is important

because it can influence the reader’s interest in the paper

Generally words at the beginning of the title make the most impact

Put an important word

either independent or dependent variables first in the title

where it most readily catches the reader’s eye

Let’s look at an example

Efficacy and safety of once-weekly

semaglutide versus daily canagliflozin as add-on to metformin

in patients with type 2 diabetes

a double-blind phase 3b randomised controlled trial

in this title

“Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide”

is the important information in the paper

so the writer put it at the beginning

Next example

Web-based cognitive behavioural therapy

blended with face-to-face sessions

for chronic fatigue in type 1 diabetes

a multicentre randomised controlled trial

Web-based cognitive behavioural therapy

is the main part the writer researched on

so they were placed at the beginning

It is better than saying

treatment of chronic fatigue in type 1 diabetes

with Web-based cognitive behavioural therapy

blended with face-to face sessions