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Part 3
writing tips for introduction
Scientific research is based on data
but scientific writing
is not a collection of data
It is what you do with data that is science
The Introduction section
in some way
is like you are telling a story
about what is known
what is the gap
and what is your hypothesis or aim or your plan
Here are some useful writing tips
for you to tell your story of introduction better
First at length
INTRODUCTION
presents research ideas
flowing from general to specific.
Generally
this section accounts for about
10% of the total word count
of the body of a typical research article
about 400 words
spread over 2 to 5 paragraphs
typically 3 paragraphs
2 Tense
There are some suggestions
for the tense to use
when writing your Introduction Section
To describe the current state of knowledge
generally use present tense
To describe observations
previously published by others
use past tense
To describe a process
that began at some specified time in the past
and is not yet complete
use present perfect
To describe something that has not yet happened
use present perfect
To formulate the hypothesis
here for the first verb
use past tense
And the verb in the clause
use present tense
or would + do
To formulate your objective
Past tense is often used
3 Adverbs
In scientific articles
adverbs can be used effectively
to demonstrate a point
You may find it easy
to collect information from the literature
for the introduction
However
linking different facts together
to produce logical clear text is often difficult
Here are some Frequently used adverbs
in INTRODUCTION for different effects
When link similar facts or related ideas
We can use Similarly; Additionally; Moreover
Furthermore; In addition; In agreement
Move between two different ideas
or results that don't agree
We can use However; In contrast; Conversely
Indicate the order or timing of events and discoveries
We can use initially; Recently; Subsequently; Finally
Indicate the order
of your experimental methods and results
We can use initially; Firstly; Secondly; Subsequently
Next; Finally; Lastly
Link two sentences or sections of text
We can use Hence; Consequently; Accordingly
Therefore; Since; As
4 Citation
Reference is a vital component of articles
Be cautious to cite a reference
that you have not read
and be sure to cite the source of the original document
Select only directly pertinent references
Do not miss important previous works
If there are many references
select the first
the most important
the most elegant
the most pertinent
and the most recent ones
References should be selected from up-dated articles
with higher impact factors
For reference not the more the better
In addition
select original rather than review articles
as this is what most editors expect
therefore
it has been strongly recommended to
cite the references where it makes most sense
No reference needs to be made for accepted facts
There is usually no need to list standard textbooks
as references and if this has been done
specify the place in the book
-Introduction to the Course
-Chapter 1 Part 1
-Chapter 1 Part 2
-Exercise
-PPT
-Chapter 2 Part 1
-Chapter 2 Part 2
-Excercise
-PPT
-Chapter 3 Part 1
-Chapter 3 Part 2
-Chapter 3 Part 3
-Exercise
-PPT
-Chapter 4 Part 1
-Chapter 4 Part 2
-Chapter 4 Part 3
-Exercise
-PPT
-Chapter 5 Part 1
-Chapter 5 Part 2
-Chapter 5 Part 3
-Chapter 5 Part 4
-Chapter 5 Part 5
-Chapter 5 Part 6
-Excercise
-PPT
-Chapter Six Title
-Exercise
-PPT
-Chapter Seven Introduction
-Exercise
-PPT
-Chapter Eight Methodology
-PPT
-Exercise
-Chapter Nine Results
-Exercise
-PPT
-Chapter Ten Discussion
-Exercise
-PPT
-Chapter Eleven Abstract
-PPT
-Introduction to Figures and Tables
-Exercise
-PPT
-Chapter Thirteen Figures
-Exercise
-PPT
-Exercise
-PPT
