Chapter 9 Part 2在线视频

Part five

case analysis

this part presents four case analysis

on both clinical trials

and observational studies

including cohort studies

case control studies

and Matt analysis

from the four top medical journals

Sample One

This results section of the JAMA article

associations between

push up exercise and future cardiovascular events

among active adult men

which reported a retrospective longitudinal cohort

study comprises four paragraphs

one figure and three tables

This section takes up about

fifteen per cent of the text

The article aims to evaluate

the association between push up capacity

and subsequent cardiovascular disease

or cvd

event incidents

in a cohort of active adult men

The text is divided into two subsections

Study population

and association of pushups

and cvd related outcomes

in terms of structure

this section is organized from

general to specific

The first paragraph describes descriptive

characteristics of participants

included in the cohort

We can see that

authors

follow the principle of conciseness

by only reporting important baseline characteristics

in table one

and summarizing and interpreting the data

in a table

pointing out associations between push up capacity

and risk factors for CVD in the text

while including data in brackets

rather than listing this data in the text

The next three paragraphs described the

Association of Pushups

and Cvd related outcomes

comparing first

the relationship between the two

that results of Cox regression models

for association of pushups

and veal to Max Groups

with cvd outcomes

and lastly

couple of mayor curves

for the cumulative risk of

cvd outcome events

The topics of the three paragraphs correspond

to the three types of statistic analysis

in the Metro section

Each paragraph is devoted

to description of a table or a figure

tenses

here are a consistent

tables and figures are mainly referred to as

table or figures shows

in the present tense

While other verbs are in the past tense

next

let's analyze the language features

How comparison is described

may be a difficulty for riders

integeting the results section

A good strategy is to carefully

choose a noun phrase

especially the subject of the clause

Actually

clarity and conciseness

can be achieved

by integrating the message

that is the specific change or trend

For example

lower

reduction

increased

with a variable we are comparing

Let's do mean to pack of two

which describes a table too

to appreciate how comparison

between different groups is described in this text

The first sentence begins with a signal phrase

we observed

to introduce a key

finding of the study

that Cvt IRRs

was found to be significantly lower

in all groups with higher pushup capacity

Then in

the group with the lowest baseline

push up capacity

The object of the simple sentence

significantly lower

cvd IRRs

is carefully chosen

and makes the comparison clear and concise

Instead of using the complex sentence

we observed

that CVD IRRs was significantly lower in all groups

compared with the group with the lowest

The writers use

the simple

subject plus verb plus

objects than his pattern

which is we observed

plus comparative adjective

plus variable

in group A compared with Group B

The comparative phrasing compared with

links the two groups

Also we can see that the group

with the lowest capacity is subordinated

to the latter part of the sentence

to set up the baseline for comparison

the second sentence begins with participants

so we are comparing participants

in the two groups

rather than comparing the two groups

the object

ninety six per cent reduction

Is it in cvd events

also integrates the message

Ninety six per cent reduction

with a topic incidents cvd events

and enables the comparison to be described

with a simple sentence pattern

Participants in group one

had a percentage plus change

plus compared with those in group two

The pronoun of those

is used in the latter half of the sentence

to refer to participants

in order to avoid repetition

in nineteen

Eighty six percent reduction quantifies the difference

We can also find this use of trend plus outcome

in describing associations

as in the following long centers

from paragraph three

describing results of Cox regression models

This is a very long sentence

but it is actually a simple sentence

The first now

the subject is increased capacity

specifying the trained

and the second now is lower risk

for CVD outcomes with

was associated with linking the two nouns

The authors uses a width plus with ing

prepositional phrase

to provide more specific details

concerning

the statistically significant group comparisons

that is between the twenty first or thirty

push up group

versus the zero to ten

push up group

And still

more information is given concerning comparisons

between other groups with a clause

although

the sentence itself

actually follows the order of importance

From the detailed analysis above

we may find that simple sentences

can also express complex meanings

as long as we choose informative noun phrases

decide whether you want to

decide whether you want to

start the sentence with groups

participants

outcomes or researchers we

use appropriate verbs

and make good use of prepositional phrases

Take notes of the beautiful sentence patterns

you have encountered

and refer to them when you are writing

Actually

now you may discard

the long held belief

that academic writing must employ

a very complex sentence patterns

with many subordinate clauses

actually

superfluous writing that appears complex

does not show writing skills

but reflect lack of clear thinking

Sample sentences can do big things

sample2

this result section is taken from the article reporting

on a randomized trial entitled

A Randomized Trial of E Cigarettes

versus Nicotine Replacement Therapy

or a New England Journal of Medicine

In the introduction

the authors propose the research question

to evaluate whether the 1year efficacy

of refillable e cigarettes

as compared with nicotine replace ment

when provided to adults

seeking help to quit smoking

and combined with face to face behavioral support

This section has nine hundred and forty nine

words

comprise his twelfth paragraphs

and includes five tables

Structurally

this results section is divided into

four subsections

and follows the order from general to specific

starting with the step heading participants

the following three subsections

effects of treatment or abstinence

treatment

adherence and ratings

and effect are withdrawal symptoms

and safety evaluation

correspond to the description of measures

in the message section

As we can see

these three subsections are organized

in the order of importance

Starting with a primary outcome

to secondary outcomes

that is

reports of the outcomes

correspond to the order of description

in the message section

the first paragraph describes

participants information

as this is a clinical trial

the number of clients undergoing randomization

and those completing the follow up

are reported

Authors refer readers

to detailed participants

baseline characteristics in table 1

and table s1

we can see

the authors do not list all information

in the table

but summarize the two key features

that these smokers are middle aged and

forty points seven per cent

entitled to free prescriptions

This reminds us of the distinction

between results and data

as we discussed above

The second subsection presents the effects

of treatment on abstinence

organized in the order of importance

starting with the primary outcome

that is the higher rate of sustained one year

abstinence

in the easy Greg Group

than in the nicotine replacement group

followed by results of a post hoc analysis

and secondary outcomes

concerning abstinence and relapse rates

The third subsection

entitled

treatment adherence and ratings and effects

on withdrawal symptoms

includes four paragraphs

organised exactly in the order of outcomes

and now seeing the subtitle

The last subsection on Safety Evaluation

comprises four paragraphs

respectively on participants

death

serious adverse events

adverse reactions

and respiratory symptoms

These are actually in the order

announced in the measure section of Method

which describes

a trial visit

The following data were recorded

smoking status

expired carbon monoxide level

using rating self trial products

ratings of withdrawal symptoms

adverse reactions and respiratory symptoms

This results section is all written in past tense

tables and figures are referred to with brackets

so we can see journals

do differ in their ways of

presenting data

and authors need to consult the auther guidelines

in each journal for specifics

in terms of language features

less analyzing details

how in clinical trials

we can compare outcomes

between different groups

with the help of parallel structures

and how ideas are linked logically

with transition words

Parallel structures described similar ideas

in similar forms

and thus facilitates understanding

We can put both phrases and sentences

in parallel position

Let's look at the first sentence describing

effects of treatment on abstinence

In this sentence

by putting two now phrases

describing abstinence rates

eighteen per cent of the ethnic wrecked group

and ninety nine per cent in the nicotine

replacement group

in parallel position

repetition is avoided

without reducing the

information load of the sentence

Besides noun phrases

comparative adverbs can also be put

in a parallel structure

Here is the first sentence in the

subsection reporting treatment adherence

The but closed describes two features of e cigarettes

that is

it is used more frequently and for longer

instead of using two separate sentences

to describe the comparison

Authors put the advert phrase

more frequently in parallel with

for longer then

and thus achieved conciseness

Moreover

services can also be put in parallel structures

Look at the following sentence

we can find similar send instructors

in the clauses before and after the conjunction

and

parallel structures are useful tools

for expressing similar concepts

actions and messages

Try to use them when you're reporting results

especially in clinical trials

where outcomes impose the experimental

and the group receiving standard treatments

or the control group need to be reported

Another language feature in this regional section

is the use of transition words

As illustrated in the next

two paragraphs in this section

This paragraph begins with similarities

between the two products

as signaled by both

More details concerning the difference

between the two is signaled by

however

the next paragraph

begins with difference

in urge to smoke

between the two products

and also in the second sentence

provides one more aspect of difference

The third sentence uses worry in the same

direction for less substantial

to link the third aspect of difference

by pointing out both the nature

and the degree of comparison

as we can see

the skillful use of words signaling similarity

Both also difference

however

bud

and degree less substantial

ensures the description of various outcomes

in a clinical trial

to flow naturally from one to the other

without causing boredom and tiredness

practice using these small connecting words

sample 3

this case control study entitled

and equally neuralgic

drug exposure and the risk of dementia

A nested case control study published on Jama

was designed to assess the association between

cognitive and equally allergic drug use

and risk of dementia

in a large representative British population

the study objectives

were to estimate to measure risks

associated with different types

of antiquity neuralgic medication

Including analysis of prescriptions

up to twenty years before diagnosis

the results section

the eight hundred and eighty two words contains

9 paragraphs in 4 sections

participants without a subheading

anticoagulant energetic

drunk exposure associations with dementia

and additional analysis

Structurally

we can say this little section

follows the chronological order

with the subheadings corresponding

to those in the metro section

which includes steady design

selection of cases and controls

exposures

confounding variables

and statistical analysis

in participant information

The authors described the number of individuals

in the basic cohort

and the number of people who complete

it to follow up

as well as the number of

people who are excluded

It is noteworthy that secondary information

is presented in supplementary ie tables

while the most important and relevant information

is putting tables in the manuscript again

only important comparisons

concerning key baseline features

which in this case are age

gender and types of diagnosis of dementia

are described in text

The second subsection is devoted

to describing the anticholinergic drug exposure

The first sentence in this paragraph

describes the percentages of patience

in the case group

and the controls

who have received prescriptions of these drugs

Also

in this paragraph

with the reference to three supplements

figures and tables

which include specific information

of the different drugs

this actually reminds us of a very important

function of the text

that is to give for our friends to

tables and figures

and we need to note

that the reference verbs

are all in the present tense

so we can see switches of tenses in the paragraphs

describing results

in the next section

which investigates the associations between truck

exposure and risk of dementia

We can find a three paragraphs

The first paragraph describes

the most important finding

that is adjusted odds ratio associated

with total cumulative

anticholinergic exposure

The second paragraph investigates risk

associated with a specific types of

county calling their dick drugs

The third paragraph described the association

between population attributable fractions

and total antiquity Nordic drug exposure

the third section additional analysis

describes associations of variables

that are of interest such as

age and results of sensitivity analysis

The four tables in this section

all concern the important results

The first two tables are related to

participant information

respectively

describing demographic characteristics

and prevalence of commodities

and prescribed medications

In case patience

and masked cohort controls

the third table gives the information concerning

the prescription of

different types of Andy culinary Dick Drugs

and the last table about the risk of dementia

associated with total cognitive use

of anticholinergic drugs

We can see that the four tables actually correspond

to the different sections

and together make up a smooth results section

in writing

sometimes we need to compare between

specific categories of a particular variable

as in this case

comparison between associations between risk

and specific types of drugs

as described in paragraph for

a careful analysis

would make it clear to us

that authors actually make

a good use of Paulo structures

listing and transition words

The first sentence describes common features

significant increases in various types of drugs

in a there be sentence

and the different types of drugs are listed after

the preposition phrase they use of

I would be more than glad

if you have noticed the use of

message plus outcome

that is significant increases in risk

as a noun phrase in the sentence

The next trend is also uses

listing in parallel structure

The subject is the outcome adjusted odds ratios

in the highest exposure category

and it is followed by a sequence of noun phrases

corresponding to different types of drugs

in the same structure

ratio for a type of drug

similar to the first sentence

the listing of the groups

is reserved to the latter half of this sentence

while the outcome

Variables are the subject of the sentences

the next two or three sentences

use the same there be sentence pattern

and think no difference

through a transition proposition

but conjunction

although

and except for

descriptions of results in more than3 groups

seem a daunting task

We hope that with the help of parallel structures

listing and transition words

the information flow

would be both natural and clear