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The grading and staging of tumors and the effects to the body课程教案、知识点、字幕

肿瘤的分级与分期

肿瘤的分级

常常用于恶性肿瘤

根据肿瘤的异性程度

也就是分化程度

来进行分级

通常临床上面采用

三级分级法

一级 分化良好 低度恶性

二级 分化中等 中度恶性

三级 分化差 高度恶性

分期

常常根据原发瘤的大小

浸润的程度 扩散的范围

以及扩散的情况

来确定肿瘤

在临床上面所处的成期

或者早晚

早期癌的概念尤为重要

国际抗癌联合会

采用的分期法是TNM系统

T表示原发瘤的大小

通常用T1到T4

代表不同肿瘤的大小

N表示淋巴道有没有转移

N0 就表示没有淋巴结转移

N1 是局部的少数的淋巴结转移

N3 是远处的多数的淋巴结转移

M 表示有没有血道转移

M0 表示没有血道转移

M1或M2 都表示有血道转移

肿瘤对机体的影响

良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤

对机体的影响是不一样的

良性肿瘤

由于它分化成熟 生长缓慢

停留在局部 不浸润 不转移

因此对机体的影响小

主要的表现是

局部的压迫和阻塞症状

比如说 消化道良性肿瘤

如平滑肌瘤

就可以出现肠梗阻的症状

颅内的良性肿瘤

比如说

脑膜瘤可以压迫脑组织阻塞脑塞

引起颅内高压

以及相应的中枢神经系统症状

良性肿瘤对机体的第二种影响

表现是内分泌的影响

但通常

是表现是这个内分泌腺

本身发生肿瘤

因此可以分泌相应的激素

比如说

脑垂体前叶的嗜酸性腺瘤

它能分泌生长激素

在儿童发生这样的肿瘤

成年以后

就可以形成巨人症

发生在成年的这样的肿瘤

由于它的骨龄已经闭合

因此主要表现是

肢端肥大症

恶性肿瘤对机体影响大

因为它生长快 容易浸润和转移

破坏脏器的功能

比如肝脏

有一个巨大的癌块

癌在生长过程当中

把肝脏的位置占据很多

一来会影响到肝脏的功能

第二 表现局部压迫和阻塞

这点影响

和良性肿瘤一样

第三 它可以出现继发改变

比如说

在肿瘤发生坏死基础上面

形成溃疡 甚至穿孔

第四 产生异位激素

而引起内分泌紊乱

恶性肿瘤为什么会产生异位激素

肿瘤的本质就是异常增生

表现的是分化异常

有的时候

它该分化的没分化出来

不该分化的分化出来了

比如说肺癌

它把能合成抗利尿激素

以及促进肾上腺皮质素的基因

表现出来了

因此它就能合成这些激素

而引起异位激素的影响

恶性肿瘤对机体的第五个影响

可以形成恶病质

常常出现在晚期肿瘤的患者

Gateway to Medicine: An Introduction to the Field of Medicine课程列表:

CH01 Smog and Lung Diseases

-01-The basic condition of the air

--The basic condition of the air

-02-What is smog and its influence to the body

--What is smog and its influence to the body

-03-The structure and the function of human respiratory system

--The structure and the function of human respiratory system

-04-How the smog cause the human respiratory system disease

--How the smog cause the human respiratory system disease

-05-Asthma

--Asthma

-Exercise 01

-06-COPD

--COPD

-07-Lung cancer Ⅰ

--Lung cancer Ⅰ

-08-Lung cancer Ⅱ

--Lung cancer Ⅱ

-Exercise 02

CH02 Pregnancy and Delivery

-01 Dissection of genital organs

--Dissection of genital organs

-Exercise 01

-02 The formation of embryo and fetal appendage

--The formation of embryo and fetal appendage

-Exercise 02

-03 Characteristic of embryonic and fetal development

--Characteristic of embryonic and fetal development

-04 Maternal changes during pregnancy

--Maternal changes during pregnancy

-05 Four factors that affect childbirth

--Four factors that affect childbirth

-06 Mechanism of labor

--Mechanism of labor

CH03 Children’s nutrition requirement and infant feeding

-01 The energy requirement and the metabolic characteristics of kids

--The energy requirement and the metabolic characteristics of kids

-02 Need of the nutrition and metabolism of kids Ⅰ

--Need of the nutrition and metabolism of kids Ⅰ

-Exercise 01

-03 Need of the nutrition and metabolism of kids Ⅱ

--Need of the nutrition and metabolism of kids Ⅱ

-Exercise 02

-04 Guided feeding of infant Ⅰ

--Guided feeding of infant Ⅰ

-Exercise 03

-05 Guided feeding of infant Ⅱ

--Guided feeding of infant Ⅱ

-06 Guided feeding of infant Ⅲ

--Guided feeding of infant Ⅲ

CH04 Get to know about tumor

-01 Introduction

--Introduction

-02 What is tumor

--What is tumor

-03 The general shape of tumor

--The general shape of tumor

-04 The atypia of the tumor

--The atypia of the tumor

-05 Name and classification of the tumor

--Name and classification of the tumor

-Exercise 01

-06 The growing type of the tumor

--The growing type of the tumor

-07 Spread of tumor

--Spread of tumor

-Exercise 02

-08 The grading and staging of tumors and the effects to the body

--The grading and staging of tumors and the effects to the body

-09 The difference between benign and malignant tumors

--The difference between benign and malignant tumors

-10 The environmental causes of cancer

--The environmental causes of cancer

-11 Heredity and tumor

--Heredity and tumor

CH05 Emergency (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation) and Disaster Medicine

-01 Overview

--Overview

-02 Sudden cardiac arrest

--Sudden cardiac arrest

-Exercise 01

-03 Non-professional life support

--Non-professional life support

-Exercise 02

-04 Professional life support

--Professional life support

-Exercise 03

-05 Adult advanced life support Ⅰ

--Adult advanced life support Ⅰ

-Exercise 04

-06 Adult advanced life support Ⅱ

--Adult advanced life support Ⅱ

-Exercise 05

-07 Electric defibrillation

--Electric defibrillation

CH06 Cardiovascular disease (Atherosclerosis and hypertension)

-01 Introduction

--Introduction

-02 Risk factors and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

--Risk factors and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

-03 Pathological changes of atherosclerosis

--Pathological changes of atherosclerosis

-Exercise 01

-04 Atherosclerosis of vital organs

--Atherosclerosis of vital organs

-05 Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease

--Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease

-Tips 03

--Tips 03

-06 Primary hypertension

--Primary hypertension

-Exercise 02

-07 The etiology and pathogenesis of hypertension

--The etiology and pathogenesis of hypertension

-08 The types and pathologic changes of essential hypertension

--The types and pathologic changes of essential hypertension

-Exercise 03

CH07 The war that never ends——Human versus virus

-01 Overview Ⅰ

--Overview Ⅰ

-02 Overview Ⅱ

--Overview Ⅱ

-03 What is virus

--What is virus

-Exercise 01

-04 The structure and functions of influenza viruses

--The structure and functions of influenza viruses

-Exercise 02

-05 Different type of influenza viruses

--Different type of influenza viruses

-Exercise 03

-06 Bird flu

--Bird flu

-Exercise 04

-07 Street virus

--Street virus

-Exercie 05

CH08 The germs that gastric acid can't kill——Helicobacter pylori and Gastric diseases

-01 Introduction

--Introduction

-02 Chronic gastritis caused by helicobacter pylori infection

--Chronic gastritis caused by helicobacter pylori infection

-Exercise 01

-03 Helicobacter pylori causes peptic ulcer

--Helicobacter pylori causes peptic ulcer

-Exercise 02

-04 Pathological changes of peptic ulcer

--Pathological changes of peptic ulcer

-Exercise 03

-05 Gastric cancer

--Gastric cancer

CH09 The movement and injury of human body——The motor function of human body

-01 The evolution of biological motion

--The evolution of biological motion

-02 Biomechanics of human motion

--Biomechanics of human motion

-Exercise 01

-03 The perfect unity of function and structure

--The perfect unity of function and structure

-Exercise 02

-04 A brief history of trauma orthopedic development Ⅰ

--A brief history of trauma orthopedic development Ⅰ

-05 A brief history of trauma orthopedic development Ⅱ

--A brief history of trauma orthopedic development Ⅱ

-Exercise 03

-06 Sprain and fracture of the ankle joint

--Sprain and fracture of the ankle joint

-Exercise 04

-07 Ankle sprain

--Ankle sprain

-Exercise 05

-08 Prevention of ankle sprain

--Prevention of ankle sprain

Final Exam

-Final Exam

The grading and staging of tumors and the effects to the body笔记与讨论

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