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肿瘤的分级与分期
肿瘤的分级
常常用于恶性肿瘤
根据肿瘤的异性程度
也就是分化程度
来进行分级
通常临床上面采用
三级分级法
一级 分化良好 低度恶性
二级 分化中等 中度恶性
三级 分化差 高度恶性
分期
常常根据原发瘤的大小
浸润的程度 扩散的范围
以及扩散的情况
来确定肿瘤
在临床上面所处的成期
或者早晚
早期癌的概念尤为重要
国际抗癌联合会
采用的分期法是TNM系统
T表示原发瘤的大小
通常用T1到T4
代表不同肿瘤的大小
N表示淋巴道有没有转移
N0 就表示没有淋巴结转移
N1 是局部的少数的淋巴结转移
N3 是远处的多数的淋巴结转移
M 表示有没有血道转移
M0 表示没有血道转移
M1或M2 都表示有血道转移
肿瘤对机体的影响
良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤
对机体的影响是不一样的
良性肿瘤
由于它分化成熟 生长缓慢
停留在局部 不浸润 不转移
因此对机体的影响小
主要的表现是
局部的压迫和阻塞症状
比如说 消化道良性肿瘤
如平滑肌瘤
就可以出现肠梗阻的症状
颅内的良性肿瘤
比如说
脑膜瘤可以压迫脑组织阻塞脑塞
引起颅内高压
以及相应的中枢神经系统症状
良性肿瘤对机体的第二种影响
表现是内分泌的影响
但通常
是表现是这个内分泌腺
本身发生肿瘤
因此可以分泌相应的激素
比如说
脑垂体前叶的嗜酸性腺瘤
它能分泌生长激素
在儿童发生这样的肿瘤
成年以后
就可以形成巨人症
发生在成年的这样的肿瘤
由于它的骨龄已经闭合
因此主要表现是
肢端肥大症
恶性肿瘤对机体影响大
因为它生长快 容易浸润和转移
破坏脏器的功能
比如肝脏
有一个巨大的癌块
癌在生长过程当中
把肝脏的位置占据很多
一来会影响到肝脏的功能
第二 表现局部压迫和阻塞
这点影响
和良性肿瘤一样
第三 它可以出现继发改变
比如说
在肿瘤发生坏死基础上面
形成溃疡 甚至穿孔
第四 产生异位激素
而引起内分泌紊乱
恶性肿瘤为什么会产生异位激素
肿瘤的本质就是异常增生
表现的是分化异常
有的时候
它该分化的没分化出来
不该分化的分化出来了
比如说肺癌
它把能合成抗利尿激素
以及促进肾上腺皮质素的基因
表现出来了
因此它就能合成这些激素
而引起异位激素的影响
恶性肿瘤对机体的第五个影响
可以形成恶病质
常常出现在晚期肿瘤的患者
-01-The basic condition of the air
--The basic condition of the air
-02-What is smog and its influence to the body
--What is smog and its influence to the body
-03-The structure and the function of human respiratory system
--The structure and the function of human respiratory system
-04-How the smog cause the human respiratory system disease
--How the smog cause the human respiratory system disease
-05-Asthma
--Asthma
-Exercise 01
-06-COPD
--COPD
-07-Lung cancer Ⅰ
-08-Lung cancer Ⅱ
-Exercise 02
-01 Dissection of genital organs
--Dissection of genital organs
-Exercise 01
-02 The formation of embryo and fetal appendage
--The formation of embryo and fetal appendage
-Exercise 02
-03 Characteristic of embryonic and fetal development
--Characteristic of embryonic and fetal development
-04 Maternal changes during pregnancy
--Maternal changes during pregnancy
-05 Four factors that affect childbirth
--Four factors that affect childbirth
-06 Mechanism of labor
-01 The energy requirement and the metabolic characteristics of kids
--The energy requirement and the metabolic characteristics of kids
-02 Need of the nutrition and metabolism of kids Ⅰ
--Need of the nutrition and metabolism of kids Ⅰ
-Exercise 01
-03 Need of the nutrition and metabolism of kids Ⅱ
--Need of the nutrition and metabolism of kids Ⅱ
-Exercise 02
-04 Guided feeding of infant Ⅰ
-Exercise 03
-05 Guided feeding of infant Ⅱ
-06 Guided feeding of infant Ⅲ
-01 Introduction
-02 What is tumor
-03 The general shape of tumor
-04 The atypia of the tumor
-05 Name and classification of the tumor
--Name and classification of the tumor
-Exercise 01
-06 The growing type of the tumor
--The growing type of the tumor
-07 Spread of tumor
-Exercise 02
-08 The grading and staging of tumors and the effects to the body
--The grading and staging of tumors and the effects to the body
-09 The difference between benign and malignant tumors
--The difference between benign and malignant tumors
-10 The environmental causes of cancer
--The environmental causes of cancer
-11 Heredity and tumor
-01 Overview
--Overview
-02 Sudden cardiac arrest
-Exercise 01
-03 Non-professional life support
--Non-professional life support
-Exercise 02
-04 Professional life support
-Exercise 03
-05 Adult advanced life support Ⅰ
--Adult advanced life support Ⅰ
-Exercise 04
-06 Adult advanced life support Ⅱ
--Adult advanced life support Ⅱ
-Exercise 05
-07 Electric defibrillation
-01 Introduction
-02 Risk factors and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
--Risk factors and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
-03 Pathological changes of atherosclerosis
--Pathological changes of atherosclerosis
-Exercise 01
-04 Atherosclerosis of vital organs
--Atherosclerosis of vital organs
-05 Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease
--Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease
-Tips 03
--Tips 03
-06 Primary hypertension
-Exercise 02
-07 The etiology and pathogenesis of hypertension
--The etiology and pathogenesis of hypertension
-08 The types and pathologic changes of essential hypertension
--The types and pathologic changes of essential hypertension
-Exercise 03
-01 Overview Ⅰ
-02 Overview Ⅱ
-03 What is virus
-Exercise 01
-04 The structure and functions of influenza viruses
--The structure and functions of influenza viruses
-Exercise 02
-05 Different type of influenza viruses
--Different type of influenza viruses
-Exercise 03
-06 Bird flu
--Bird flu
-Exercise 04
-07 Street virus
-Exercie 05
-01 Introduction
-02 Chronic gastritis caused by helicobacter pylori infection
--Chronic gastritis caused by helicobacter pylori infection
-Exercise 01
-03 Helicobacter pylori causes peptic ulcer
--Helicobacter pylori causes peptic ulcer
-Exercise 02
-04 Pathological changes of peptic ulcer
--Pathological changes of peptic ulcer
-Exercise 03
-05 Gastric cancer
-01 The evolution of biological motion
--The evolution of biological motion
-02 Biomechanics of human motion
--Biomechanics of human motion
-Exercise 01
-03 The perfect unity of function and structure
--The perfect unity of function and structure
-Exercise 02
-04 A brief history of trauma orthopedic development Ⅰ
--A brief history of trauma orthopedic development Ⅰ
-05 A brief history of trauma orthopedic development Ⅱ
--A brief history of trauma orthopedic development Ⅱ
-Exercise 03
-06 Sprain and fracture of the ankle joint
--Sprain and fracture of the ankle joint
-Exercise 04
-07 Ankle sprain
-Exercise 05
-08 Prevention of ankle sprain
-Final Exam