Chapter 10 Part 2在线视频

Sample three

this sample comes from an article entitled

fruit vegetable and legume intake

and cardiovascular disease and deaths

in aiding countries

a prospective cohort study published in Lancet

The major finding is that higher fruit

vegetable and lagging consumption

was associated with a lower risk of non

cardiovascular and total mortality

This is the second paragraph

which supporters and explains the answer

with published studies

As we can see from the writing here

the authors use trunk phrases

like

are consistent with

are in keeping with

to compare the results found

in the present study and those of others

In this way

the authors put the current research in the

context of the field of interest and

increase the validity of the study

The authors also explain some of the

difference between the present study

and those of others

in this case

the different outcome measures

as indicated in the sentence

not all studies of cardiovascular disease

reported on both stroke and myocardial infarction

And some reported only one outcome

and the authors did not stop

at describing the discrepancy

but also explain why this happens

We as readers feel

that the puzzles we might raise

two riders

are soft along the reading

Actually

this line of argument from finding

to support of the finding

to inconsistencies of the finding with those of

other studies

and explanations of the inconsistency

gives discussion both press and depth

One of the common problems

is the lack of support for

major findings in the discussion section

Actually

as the major function of the discussion section

is to interpret their results

and relate to your current study

with a research context

citing references is very important

Let's take a closer look at tenses

In this paragraph

we can see past a present

and present perfect tenses

When referring to findings of the present study

as we showed

an eleven percent lower risk of major

cardiovascular disease in the first sentence

or of other studies

as in a metal analysis

which showed a beneficial effect

for the prevention of cardiovascular disease

past tense as appropriate

When we are showing the consistency or

inconsistency between our steady in others

as in

our findings

are consistent with those from a mad analysis

Present tense could also be used

to describe interpretation of results

as in our results suggest a modest effect

on stroke

Modal verbs could

present a more modest

and thus more objective attitude

while giving explanations for inconsistencies

as in this might be partly due to

and but could also be due to

sample 4 the selected paragraph

Below comes from the article

associations of migraine

with aura and other risk factors

With incident

cardiovascular disease in women

published on Journal of American

Medical Association

the aim was to compare the adjusted incidence

rate of cvd

between women with migraine

with aura women with migraine without aura

or no migraine

and women with other major

vascular risk factors

The authors found

that women with migraine with aura

had a higher incidence rate of self

reported major

cvd events

compared with women without migraine

or with migraine without aura

and presented the answer in the first

paragraph of the discussion

Now they come to provide support

for their key findings

with findings of other studies

As we can see from the highlighted

words in this paragraph

The author is described in the topic

sentence at the beginning of this paragraph

that the association between Migraine

and Cvd events

has been evaluated in many studies

and these studies

reached a similar relative risk estimate

and then a specific study from Denmark

was cited to provide support

for the association between the two variables

Note that the authors also included studies

that reported inconsistent findings

as indicated by

in contrast to

And explained those findings

The authors did not stop

at summarizing related literature

but highlighted the novelty of the present research

in the last sentence of the paragraph

as signaled by

however

and to the best our knowledge

no studies

sample 5

This sample is selected from the article

effect of continuous glucose monitoring

on Glycemic control

in adolescents and young adults

with type one diabetes

a randomized clinical

trial published on Chama

The paragraph comes from the limitations section

It begins with a topic sentence that

there are several limitations of the study

indicating the topic of the paragraph

and then the authors used a signal words

first

second

third and fourth

to give signs for specific points

We can see that these descriptions

are rather specific to this study

The first one is related with measurements

The second insert ones outlined the

scope of the steady

by pointing to those population

that the present study might not apply to

and the last one is about the intervention period

It is noteworthy after pointing out

that the intervention period is relatively short

in the study

The authors give a supplementary note

about the inclusion of extension face in the study

which helps add value for the study

sample 6

This sample comes from an article entitled

River Roxanne

with or without aspirin

and stable cardiovascular disease

published in New England Journal of Medicine

The following describes the limitations of this study

The authors point out

the four limitations in the study

The first sentence serves as the topic sentence

for the paragraph

All the limitations discussed here are

specific to this particular study

Instead of general weaknesses

that might apply to all studies

the authors

signal

connection between

different limitations was

connection words like first

second

third and furthermore

the first limitation

for example

describes the problem in selection of participants

That is that did not specifically study those

patients who had a previous stroke

but the author is immediately

give a justification for this design

and give support that for those patients in

the study who also had a history of stroke

The finding was consistent

with the major findings presented in this study

So when possible

after presenting their limitations

provide explanations and justifications

This is actually what the authors have done

after presenting

each piece of limitation of the research

and also pay attention to the close

links between the four limitations

as signalled by the phrases first second

third

and furthermore

here are more examples of translation words and phrases

sample seven

the following sample is selected from impact

of London's road traffic

air and noise pollution

on persuade retrospective population

based cohort study

published on the British Medical Journal

The conclusion here is composed of a

restatement of the answer

and description of the importance of this study

The answers are that road traffic air

pollution in London

is adversely affecting Fredo growth

while they found little evidence for an independent

exposure response effect

of traffic related noise on birthweight outcomes

And they're recommended

that other UK and Europe

cities need to consider the impact

of road traffic air on birth weight

They also pointed out policy implications

that environmental health policies

need to aim at reducing road traffic

This is a powerful ending

as the readers are left with a

final impression

that a steady has practical implications

Sample 8

five year outcomes after off palm or

own pump coronary artery bypass grafting

published in New England Journal of Medicine

The following is the concluding part

of the discussion

in the sample

we can see that the authors

and with the answer to the questions

and also the importance of the work

the first sentence briefly describes

the study design

and it is followed by the two major findings

as indicated by we found

and we also found

the last sentence leaves an

impression on the readers

As it points out

the implication of the study

that is both cbgb procedures

are equally effective and safe

which could have significance for clinical practice

Part six

summary for writing the discussion section

The discussion section puts the

steady in the context

of the research area

In reference to other studies

It needs to highlight the novelty of your research

and indicate his importance

Generally

it would include

answered the question

statement and explanation of the answer

strengths and limitations

and importance of the study

The following tips

can make your process

of writing the discussion section easier

First

present the answer to the research question

or a hypothesis

with the same variables

verbs used and point of view

with those in the question

from the introduction section

the answer needs to be given

in a first or one of the first two sentences

of the discussion

2 provide references for your key arguments

accumulate used four sentence patterns

for describing consistencies

inconsistencies and explanations

Third

limitations should be specific to your own study

Provide explanations

or point to further studies were impossible

four

and the discussion

section by connecting the answer to the world

through an application

recommendation implication or speculation

five

use the active voice

and first person pronouns

to liven up your writing

6

Use concise language

as the simplest of statements

evoke the most of wisdom

Part seven practices

question one

Identify one of the two verbs

that used the wrong tents

We also find no significant difference in cost

or quality of life between the two techniques

our trial

results indicate

that both procedures were equally effective and safe

The two sentences are the last two sentences

of the discussion section

The action we find

has been completed

and so should be in the past tense

Why are the typical message that both procedures

be equally effective and safe

is a fact and need be in the present tense

So the answer is fine

and were

question 2

provide appropriate verbs for the following sentence

The first verb has found

as were disgusting writing tips for

preventing the answer

we found as a commonly used

a chunk phrase for giving answers

The firm that goes with risk is usually have so

The second verb should be hide

so the answers are found and had

questions 3

give a possible answer for the research question

below reported in the article

a comparison of two LDL cholesterol targets

After Islamic stroke

published on the New England Journal of Medicine

it is best to answer the question with

the same keywords for variables and population

a possible one is as follows

question 4

the following paragraph

is the last paragraph

of the article

tooth brushing inflammation

and the risk of cardiovascular disease

Results from Scottish Health survey

was main finding is that poor oral hygiene

is associated with higher levels of

risk of cardiovascular disease

and low grade inflammation

supplemented the appropriate

recommendation based on this finding

Recommendations should be based on

the finding of the research

Here it was found that

poor oral hygiene is associated

with higher levels of risk of cardiovascular disease

and low grade inflammation

So the evidence is relatively strong

and we could use the modal verb

should

to propose the recommendation

and we could fill

is beneficial to in the second blank