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Chapter 4.2.2 Texture and Structure of Magmatic Rocks课程教案、知识点、字幕

同学们 欢迎来到地质学与工程地质课程

上节课呢 我们讲过岩浆岩的矿物成分

它一方面反映了岩石的化学成分

另一方面呢也反映了岩石的形成条件和成因类型

然而成分相同的岩浆在不同的冷凝环境下

可以形成具有不同外部特征的岩浆岩

比如大规模的深成岩浆岩体

冷凝时间呢通常比较长

矿物呢能充分结晶

从而全部能够形成较大的晶体

而浅成岩和喷出岩呢由于冷凝比较迅速

矿物呢常常结晶不充分 甚至完全都来不及结晶

另外呢 即使同一个岩浆岩体

它的不同部位虽然矿物成分相似

但是在岩体的中心部位

它的矿物结晶相对较慢 结晶程度呢比较好

从而形成较大的一些矿物晶体

而岩体的边缘呢 矿物结晶程度相对较差了

从而形成颗粒细小的

甚至是隐晶质的一些矿物

所以在分析岩浆岩的时候

除了要鉴定它的矿物成分外

我们还要分析构成岩浆岩的矿物的结晶程度 组合

及排列填充方式 也就是岩浆岩的结构和构造

岩浆岩的结构呢 它描述的是岩石中矿物的结晶程度

晶粒大小 晶体形态以及它们彼此间的相互组合关系

从某种程度上来说岩浆岩的结构特征呢

决定了岩石内部矿物颗粒的连接情况

从而将直接影响着岩石的工程地质性质

根据岩浆岩的结构特征可以将它划分为

显晶质结构 隐晶质结构

玻璃质结构和斑状结构这四种类型

显晶质结构呢它是岩石中全部由结晶矿物组成

我们可以通过肉眼观察

或者是借助放大镜的方式分辨出内部

所有矿物颗粒的大小和形态特征

它呢是深成侵入岩体具有的典型的结构特征

在成岩过程中各种造岩矿物结晶程度都比较好

比如常见的花岗岩 可以明显的看到

构成岩石的肉红色的

具有一组明显解理的正长石

以及白色或者是灰色甚至透明的

具有油脂状光泽断口的石英矿物

隐晶质结构呢 它是构成岩石的矿物颗粒很细

凭借肉眼或者是放大镜都不能分辨出来

只能在显微镜下才能识别的晶体结构

这种结构呢 一般出现在浅成侵入岩或喷出岩中

具有这种结构的岩石呢 通常比较致密

抗风化能力也比较强

比如常见的辉绿岩和玄武岩等

很难用肉眼或者是借助放大镜

看出岩石内部的矿物颗粒特征

玻璃质结构呢 它是在岩浆喷出地表之后

迅速冷凝的环境下形成的

所有的矿物都来不及结晶

就冷凝形成岩石

即使在显微镜下呢 也无法辨认出

构成这种岩石的矿物结晶颗粒

它呢是喷出岩所特有的结构特征

最典型的岩石就是黑曜岩

大家看一下像不像玻璃一样

这种岩石的抗风化能力是非常的强的

斑状结构呢 则是介于显晶质和隐晶质结构

或者是玻璃质结构之间的一种结构类型

通常表现为岩石中较大的矿物晶体

被细小的晶粒或者是隐晶质

乃至玻璃质的矿物所包围

它是有些浅成岩和喷出岩中常见的一种结构类型

在斑状结构的岩石中呢

较大的晶体矿物称为斑晶

比如说安山岩中白色的这种斜长石矿物

细小的晶粒或者是隐晶质 玻璃质的矿物呢称为基质

比如灰色这部分 矿物颗粒无法用肉眼鉴别出来

斑状结构的岩石呢 往往内部结构不均匀

从而导致它的抗风化能力比较差

岩浆岩的构造呢

它是反映岩石中不同矿物集合体之间

或者是矿物集合体

与其它组分之间的排列与填充方式

通常可以表示岩石的外貌形态

及成岩过程的变化

所以与岩浆岩的结构不同的是

构造呢 它不涉及到矿物颗粒的大小

而只关系到它们间的排列和分布特征

一般常见的岩浆岩的构造呢

有这种块状 流纹状的 气孔状的及杏仁状的四种

块状构造的岩石呢

内部矿物分布比较均匀 没有定向性排列的现象

常见于一些深成岩中 比如花岗岩里面的正长石

和石英等矿物 均匀的分布在岩石内部

没有任何的定向现象

另外呢 有一些浅成侵入岩比如花岗斑岩

正长斑岩 辉绿岩等也具有这种构造特征

流纹状构造呢 是由于岩石中不同颜色的这种条纹

或者拉长的气孔以及长条形的矿物

按照一定的方向排列而形成的一种构造特征

它反映了岩浆喷出地表后流动的一种痕迹

典型的岩石就是流纹岩

这主要是由于喷出地表的岩浆

在缓慢流动过程中冷凝而造成的

各种矿物比如肉红色的正长石

呈现明显的这种条带状 定向性分布特征

这种定向性呢在一定程度上也指示了

岩石成岩过程中岩浆流动的一个方向

气孔状构造呢

它是岩浆喷出地表之后

由于压力急剧的降低

岩浆内部一些挥发性组分呢呈现气体状析出

并聚集形成气泡分散在岩浆中

当岩浆冷凝后啊 这些气孔啊仍然保留在岩石中

从而形成的一种构造类型

它是喷出岩中常见的一种构造

这种岩石由于内部含有大量的气孔

密度通常比较低 有的可以飘浮在水面上

所以又叫浮岩

具有气孔状构造的岩石啊

在后期这些气孔如果被一些次生的矿物

比如方解石等等填充

那么填充物的形态大家想一想像什么

是不是像杏仁一样

所以形成的构造称为杏仁状构造

这种构造在玄武岩中经常的遇到

总的来讲呢岩浆岩的结构和构造

它反映了岩石形成环境和矿物成分的变化规律

是区分和鉴定岩浆岩的重要标志

也是岩浆岩分类和定名的重要依据之一

同时呢岩浆岩的结构和构造特征

也是影响岩石强度的一个重要因素

通过这节课的学习呢

同学们要区分并掌握岩浆岩的结构和构造类型

从而为后续岩浆岩的鉴定和识别奠定基础

Geology and Engineering Geology课程列表:

0 Introduction

-0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment

--Chapter 0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment

-0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology

--Chapter 0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology

-0 Quiz--Homework

1 The Earth and the Crust

-1.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth

--Chapter 2.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth

-1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth

--Chapter 1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth

-1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes

--Chapter 1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes

-1 Quiz--Homework

2 Endogenic Geological Process

-2.1 Crustal Movement

--Chapter 2.1 Crustal Movement

-2.2 Magmatism

--Chapter 2.2 Magmatism

-2.3 Metamorphism

--Chapter 2.3 Metamorphism

-2.4 Earthquake

--Chapter 2.4 Earthquake

-2 Quiz--Homework

3 Exogenic Geological Process

-3.1 Introduction

--Chapter 3.1 Introduction

-3.2 Weathering Effects

--chapter 3.2.1 Physical Weathering

--chapter 3.2.2 Chemical and Biological Weathering

--chapter 3.2.3 Weathering Products and Influencing Factors of the Weathering Process

-3.2 Weathering Effects--Homework

-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water

--chapter 3.3.1 Geologic Process of Temporary Torrents

--chapter 3.3.2.1 River Erosion Effects

--chapter 3.3.2.2 River Transport and Sedimentation Effects

-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water--Homework

-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds

--Chapter 3.4 Geological Effects of Winds

-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds--Homework

-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers

--Chapter 3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers

-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers--Homework

-3 Quiz Easy--Homework

-3 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

4 Minerals and Rocks

-4.1 Minerals

--Chapter 4.1.1 Minerals and Their Morphological Characteristics

--4.1.2 Minerals and Rocks-Mineral Characteristics-Physical and Mechanical Prop

--Chapter 4.1.3 Visual Identification of Common Minerals

-4.1 Minerals--Homework

-4.2 Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.1 Main Mineral Compositions of Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.2 Texture and Structure of Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.3 Common Classification and Identification Methods for Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.4 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅰ

--Chapter 4.2.5 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅱ

-4.2 Magmatic Rocks--Homework

-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.1 Material Compositions of Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.2 Texture and Structure of Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.3 Basic Characteristics of Common Sedimentary Rocks

-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks--Homework

-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks

--Chapter 4.4.1 Mineral Composition and their Texture andStructure

--Chapter 4.4.2 Basic Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks

-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks--Homework

-第4章 Quiz Easy--Homework

-第4章 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

5 The Geologic Times

-5 The Geologic Times

--Chapter 5 The Geologic Times

-5 Quiz--Homework

6 The Geological Structure

-6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure

--Chapter 6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure

-6.2 Fold Structure

--Chapter 6.2 Fold Structure

-6.3 Fault Structure

--Chapter 6.3.1 Joint

--Chapter 6.3.2 Characteristics and Types of Faults

--Chapter 6.3.3 Fault Identification in the Wild

-6 Quiz Easy--Homework

-6 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

7 Geological Maps

-7.1 ntroduction

--Chapter 7.1.1 Types of Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.1.2 Scale of Geological Maps

-7.2 Presentation of the Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.2.1 Formation Lithology

--Chapter 7.2.2 Geological Structure

--Chapter 7.2.3 Contact Relations Between Stratas

-7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps

-7 Quiz Easy--Homework

-7 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

8 Ground Water

-8.1 Basic Conceptuals

--Chapter 8.1 Basic Conceptuals

-8.1 Basic Conceptuals--Homework

-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water

--Chapter 8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water

-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water--Homework

-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water

--Chapter 8.3 Movements of the Ground Water

-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water--Homework

-8.4 Ground Water Quality

--Chapter 8.4 Ground Water Quality

-8.4 Ground Water Quality--Homework

-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology

--Chapter 8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology

-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geoligical Problem--Homework

-8 Quiz Easy--Homework

-8 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

9 Geological Engineering Attributes of Soils

-9.1 Soil Mass

--Chapter 9.1 Soil Mass

-9.1 Soil Mass--Homework

-9.2 Attributes of Soils

--Chapter 9.2.1 Physical Properties of Soil

--Chapter 9.2.2 Water-Physical Properties of Soil

--Chapter 9.2.3 Mechanical Properties of Soil

-9.2 Attributes of Soils--Homework

-9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils

--Chapter 9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils

-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.1 Soft Soil and Its Engimeering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.2 Loess and Its Engineering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.3 Expansive Soil adn Its Engineering Attributes

-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes--Homework

-9 Quiz Easy--Homework

-9 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

10 Geological Engineering Attributes of Rocks

-10.1 Introduction

--Chapter 10.1 Introduction

--10.1 Introduction--Homework

-10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks

--Chapter 10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks

--10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks--Homework

-10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks

--Chapter 10.3.1 Deformation Characteristics

--Chapter 10.3.2 Strength

--10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks--Homework

-10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass

--10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass--Homework

-10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane

--Chapter 10.5.1 Properties of Structural Plane

--Chapter 10.5.2 Mechanical Properties of Structural Plane

--10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane--Homework

-10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass

--10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass--Homework

-10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.7.1 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅰ

--Chapter 10.7.2 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅱ

--10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass--Homework

-10 Quiz Easy--Homework

-10 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

11 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

-11.1 Slope Deformation and Destruction

--Chapter 11.1.1 Slope Deformation

--Chapter 11.1.2 Slope Destruction

-11.1 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework

-11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes

--Chapter 11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes

-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

--Chapter 11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework

-11.4 Structural Analysis Method on Rocky Slope Stability

--Chapter 11.4.1 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅰ

--Chapter 11.4.2 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅱ

-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation

--Chapter 11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation

-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation--Homework

-11 Quiz Easy--Homework

-11 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

12 Geological Engineering Analysis on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks of Underg

-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution

--Chapter 12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution

-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution--Homework

-12.2 Deformation and Destruction of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.2.1 Brittle Adjacent Rock

--Chapter 12.2.2 Plastic Surrounding Rock and Surrounding Rock Stability Sign

-12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks

-12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks

-12 Quiz--Homework

13 Analysis on the Stability of the Rock Mass of the Ground Work

-13.1 Dam Foundation of the Water Conservancy Project

--Chapter 13.1.1 Dam Types and Requirements for Engineering Geological Conditions

--Chapter 13.1.2 Deformation Failure Mode and Stability Analysis

-13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions

--Chapter 13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions

-13 Quiz--Homework

14 Geological Engineering Analysis on the Reservoir Construction

-14.1 Reservoir Leakage

--Chapter 14.1 Reservoir Leakage

-14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank

--Chapter 14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank

-14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations

--Chapter 14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations

-14 Quiz--Homework

15 Methods and Technics of Engineering Geological Exploration

-15.1 Introduction

--Chapter 15.1 Introduction

-15.2 Engineering Geological Mapping

--Chapter 15.2.1 Research Content

--Chapter 15.2.2 Structural Plane Statistics

-15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments

--Chapter 15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments

-15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass

--Chapter 15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass

- Quiz--Homework

Chapter 4.2.2 Texture and Structure of Magmatic Rocks笔记与讨论

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