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Chapter 8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water 课程教案、知识点、字幕

同学们好

欢迎来到地质学与工程地质课程

岩土体内部的孔隙

是地下水赋存和运动的空间

岩土体所处的地质条件

将直接影响着地下水的赋存

当然地下水在运动过程中

在一定的条件下

会从岩土体中排出

这节课呢

我们就来学习地下水的赋存

或者是埋藏以及排泄类型

根据地下岩土体中的

含水情况不同

可以将它划分为位于

稳定的地下水位以上的

包气带和位于稳定的

地下水位以下的

饱水带这两个区域

同时根据含水层

所处的地质结构部位

和受各水层限制的情况

也就是说根据地下水的埋藏情况

可以将地下水划分为包气带水

潜水和承压水三种类型

包气带呢

有时候又叫做非饱和带

它里面地下水主要是以结合水

毛细水和气态水的形式存在

如果包气带中

某些地方存在着

局部的隔水层

大家想一想

下雨的时候雨水入渗

是不是会在这些局部的隔水层

上部聚集起来

形成一个局部的饱水带

这种局部的饱水带

又叫做上层滞水

上层滞水一般是接近地表

而且很不稳定

可能在雨季的时候有

而在旱季的时候又消失了

所以一般来讲

它的供水意义不大

另外一些输水管道的泄露

也可能形成上层滞水

但是这种情况呢

相对稳定一点

但上层滞水有时对我们的

工程建设影响很大

由于它一般是局部分布的

所以有时候可能

前期勘查不到

在施工的时候

通常会造成一些突水事故

比如基坑突水啊

隧道涌水等等

在地面以下

第一个隔水层以上的

具有自由水面的重力水

我们称为潜水

潜水的这个自由水面呢

叫做潜水面

潜水面上各点的高层

叫做这一点的潜水位

那么这一点距离地面的深度呢

称为潜水的埋藏深度

而距离下面隔水层的距离呢

就是潜水含水层的厚度

潜水与大气相通

具有自由水面 也就是潜水面

潜水面上的水压力为零

属于无压水

它的补给区与分布区是一致的

直接接受大气的补给

这样导致它受气候影响

是不是比较大

具有明显的季节变化特征

并且容易受地面污染的影响

同时由于潜水埋藏比较浅

通常可以作为供水水源

比如有的地方特别是农村

每家都有一口井

深度是10到20米左右

它所取得水呢就是潜水

与潜水不同的是

承压水它是充满

两个各水层之间的

含水层中的重力水

承压含水层出露地表

较高的一段呢

就是它的补给区

而较低的一段呢

就是它的排泄区

承压含水层

上覆隔水层的部位

叫它承压区

相应的上覆隔水层

叫做隔水顶板

下伏隔水层

称为隔水底板

如果我们在这里打一口井

穿过隔水顶板

是不是水位会沿着井口

上升到一定的高度啊

这点的高程就是承压水位

承压水位高出

承压含水层底面的距离

称为承压水头

所有的承压水位

连成的面叫做承压水面

与潜水面不同的是

承压水面是一个假想的面

是一个压力面

而不是真正的一个水面

另外如果在这里打一口井

大家想一想

是不是会有地下水

沿着井孔喷出地表

这样的地段也就是说

承压水位高出地表的地区

叫做自流区

这样的水井叫做自流井

在一些盆地

典型的就是澳大利亚的

大自流盆地

经常会看到这种现象

受上覆不透水层的影响

承压水由于没有自由水面

它承受一定的静水压力

而且补给区与分布区不一致

承压水呢

通常比较稳定

受气候影响比较小

而且不易受地面污染的影响

所以一般可以作为

良好的供水水源

但是呢

承压水头压力呢

有时会给工程造成一定的影响

地下水在运动过程中

从含水层或含水层系统中

排出的一个过程

就是地下水排泄

主要包括泉、泄流

蒸发和蒸腾四种方式

泄流呢它主要是

由于河流切割含水层

使得地下水沿着河流

呈带状排泄的一种现象

蒸发呢

它主要是包气带的水

和潜水的蒸发而形成的排泄

蒸腾主要是通过植物的蒸腾作用

而产生的排泄

蒸发和蒸腾呢

只能带走水分而带不走盐分

另外还有一些人类工程活动

而形成的一些地下水的排泄

比如人工开采、基坑的降水等等

下面呢我们重点来看一下泉

泉呢其实就是地下水

在地表的天然露头

它是地下水的

一种重要的排泄方式

也是了解和研究地下水

特别是区域水源地质条件的

一个重要依据

根据补给源和水流特征

可以将泉分为上升泉

和下降泉两类

上升泉呢

它为承压水补给

在出入口附近

水是自下而上一种运动

而下降泉呢

它通常是潜水

或者是上层滞水补给

在出入口附近呢

水是自上而下的运动

根据出露原因呢

可以将泉分为侵蚀泉

它由河流切割含水层而形成的

又可以分为侵蚀下降泉

和侵蚀上升泉两类

如果透水性不同的岩层相互接触

地下水在运动过程中

受到阻碍将沿着接触面而出露

而形成的泉水称为接触泉

如果断层切断了承压含水层

使得地下水沿着断层上升

在地面高层

低于承压水位的地方出露

而形成的泉

称为断层泉

根据泉水溢出的温度

又可以将泉分为冷泉

也就是说泉水的温度

大致相当于或者是略低于

当地的年平均气温

如果泉水的温度高于

当地的年平均气温就是温泉

好 这节课我们学习了

地下水的埋藏和排泄类型

通过这节课的学习呢

同学们要了解和区分

地下水的埋藏类型

地下水的排泄方式

及泉的分类方法等等

Geology and Engineering Geology课程列表:

0 Introduction

-0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment

--Chapter 0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment

-0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology

--Chapter 0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology

-0 Quiz--Homework

1 The Earth and the Crust

-1.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth

--Chapter 2.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth

-1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth

--Chapter 1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth

-1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes

--Chapter 1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes

-1 Quiz--Homework

2 Endogenic Geological Process

-2.1 Crustal Movement

--Chapter 2.1 Crustal Movement

-2.2 Magmatism

--Chapter 2.2 Magmatism

-2.3 Metamorphism

--Chapter 2.3 Metamorphism

-2.4 Earthquake

--Chapter 2.4 Earthquake

-2 Quiz--Homework

3 Exogenic Geological Process

-3.1 Introduction

--Chapter 3.1 Introduction

-3.2 Weathering Effects

--chapter 3.2.1 Physical Weathering

--chapter 3.2.2 Chemical and Biological Weathering

--chapter 3.2.3 Weathering Products and Influencing Factors of the Weathering Process

-3.2 Weathering Effects--Homework

-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water

--chapter 3.3.1 Geologic Process of Temporary Torrents

--chapter 3.3.2.1 River Erosion Effects

--chapter 3.3.2.2 River Transport and Sedimentation Effects

-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water--Homework

-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds

--Chapter 3.4 Geological Effects of Winds

-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds--Homework

-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers

--Chapter 3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers

-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers--Homework

-3 Quiz Easy--Homework

-3 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

4 Minerals and Rocks

-4.1 Minerals

--Chapter 4.1.1 Minerals and Their Morphological Characteristics

--4.1.2 Minerals and Rocks-Mineral Characteristics-Physical and Mechanical Prop

--Chapter 4.1.3 Visual Identification of Common Minerals

-4.1 Minerals--Homework

-4.2 Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.1 Main Mineral Compositions of Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.2 Texture and Structure of Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.3 Common Classification and Identification Methods for Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.4 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅰ

--Chapter 4.2.5 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅱ

-4.2 Magmatic Rocks--Homework

-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.1 Material Compositions of Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.2 Texture and Structure of Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.3 Basic Characteristics of Common Sedimentary Rocks

-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks--Homework

-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks

--Chapter 4.4.1 Mineral Composition and their Texture andStructure

--Chapter 4.4.2 Basic Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks

-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks--Homework

-第4章 Quiz Easy--Homework

-第4章 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

5 The Geologic Times

-5 The Geologic Times

--Chapter 5 The Geologic Times

-5 Quiz--Homework

6 The Geological Structure

-6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure

--Chapter 6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure

-6.2 Fold Structure

--Chapter 6.2 Fold Structure

-6.3 Fault Structure

--Chapter 6.3.1 Joint

--Chapter 6.3.2 Characteristics and Types of Faults

--Chapter 6.3.3 Fault Identification in the Wild

-6 Quiz Easy--Homework

-6 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

7 Geological Maps

-7.1 ntroduction

--Chapter 7.1.1 Types of Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.1.2 Scale of Geological Maps

-7.2 Presentation of the Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.2.1 Formation Lithology

--Chapter 7.2.2 Geological Structure

--Chapter 7.2.3 Contact Relations Between Stratas

-7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps

-7 Quiz Easy--Homework

-7 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

8 Ground Water

-8.1 Basic Conceptuals

--Chapter 8.1 Basic Conceptuals

-8.1 Basic Conceptuals--Homework

-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water

--Chapter 8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water

-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water--Homework

-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water

--Chapter 8.3 Movements of the Ground Water

-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water--Homework

-8.4 Ground Water Quality

--Chapter 8.4 Ground Water Quality

-8.4 Ground Water Quality--Homework

-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology

--Chapter 8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology

-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geoligical Problem--Homework

-8 Quiz Easy--Homework

-8 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

9 Geological Engineering Attributes of Soils

-9.1 Soil Mass

--Chapter 9.1 Soil Mass

-9.1 Soil Mass--Homework

-9.2 Attributes of Soils

--Chapter 9.2.1 Physical Properties of Soil

--Chapter 9.2.2 Water-Physical Properties of Soil

--Chapter 9.2.3 Mechanical Properties of Soil

-9.2 Attributes of Soils--Homework

-9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils

--Chapter 9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils

-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.1 Soft Soil and Its Engimeering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.2 Loess and Its Engineering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.3 Expansive Soil adn Its Engineering Attributes

-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes--Homework

-9 Quiz Easy--Homework

-9 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

10 Geological Engineering Attributes of Rocks

-10.1 Introduction

--Chapter 10.1 Introduction

--10.1 Introduction--Homework

-10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks

--Chapter 10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks

--10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks--Homework

-10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks

--Chapter 10.3.1 Deformation Characteristics

--Chapter 10.3.2 Strength

--10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks--Homework

-10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass

--10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass--Homework

-10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane

--Chapter 10.5.1 Properties of Structural Plane

--Chapter 10.5.2 Mechanical Properties of Structural Plane

--10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane--Homework

-10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass

--10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass--Homework

-10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.7.1 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅰ

--Chapter 10.7.2 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅱ

--10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass--Homework

-10 Quiz Easy--Homework

-10 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

11 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

-11.1 Slope Deformation and Destruction

--Chapter 11.1.1 Slope Deformation

--Chapter 11.1.2 Slope Destruction

-11.1 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework

-11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes

--Chapter 11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes

-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

--Chapter 11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework

-11.4 Structural Analysis Method on Rocky Slope Stability

--Chapter 11.4.1 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅰ

--Chapter 11.4.2 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅱ

-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation

--Chapter 11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation

-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation--Homework

-11 Quiz Easy--Homework

-11 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

12 Geological Engineering Analysis on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks of Underg

-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution

--Chapter 12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution

-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution--Homework

-12.2 Deformation and Destruction of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.2.1 Brittle Adjacent Rock

--Chapter 12.2.2 Plastic Surrounding Rock and Surrounding Rock Stability Sign

-12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks

-12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks

-12 Quiz--Homework

13 Analysis on the Stability of the Rock Mass of the Ground Work

-13.1 Dam Foundation of the Water Conservancy Project

--Chapter 13.1.1 Dam Types and Requirements for Engineering Geological Conditions

--Chapter 13.1.2 Deformation Failure Mode and Stability Analysis

-13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions

--Chapter 13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions

-13 Quiz--Homework

14 Geological Engineering Analysis on the Reservoir Construction

-14.1 Reservoir Leakage

--Chapter 14.1 Reservoir Leakage

-14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank

--Chapter 14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank

-14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations

--Chapter 14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations

-14 Quiz--Homework

15 Methods and Technics of Engineering Geological Exploration

-15.1 Introduction

--Chapter 15.1 Introduction

-15.2 Engineering Geological Mapping

--Chapter 15.2.1 Research Content

--Chapter 15.2.2 Structural Plane Statistics

-15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments

--Chapter 15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments

-15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass

--Chapter 15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass

- Quiz--Homework

Chapter 8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water 笔记与讨论

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