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Chapter 12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks课程教案、知识点、字幕

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欢迎来到地质学与工程地质课程

研究洞室围岩的稳定性不仅在于

正确地进行工程设计和施工

同时也为了有效地改造围岩

提高其稳定性

这也是至关重要的。

对于那些洞室开挖

可能引起围岩产生不稳定的地段

需要采取合理的防治措施

围岩失稳防治途径

主要包括两个方面

一种是保护围岩原有稳定性

使它不至于降低

这主要是采用合理的

施工和支护衬砌方案

另外一种是开挖后

及时地支撑和衬砌

主要是加固围岩

围岩稳定程度不同

应该选择不同的施工方案

施工方案的合理选择

对于保护围岩稳定性

有重要的意义

施工基本原则是 尽可能

先挖断面尺寸小的导洞

开挖后及时地支撑或衬砌

从而以缩小围岩松动范围

或制止围岩早期的松动

并防止围岩松动

或者把松动范围

限制在最小范围内

针对不同稳定性程度的围岩

有很多的施工方案

但总的来讲

大致可以归纳为三类

分部开挖、分部衬砌

逐步扩大断面

对于围岩不太稳定

顶围易坍塌的地段

采用上导洞开挖

先拱后墙的方式

也就是采用在洞室最大断面上的

上部先开挖导洞

立即支撑

达到要求的轮廓后

做好顶拱衬砌

在顶拱衬砌的保护下扩大断面

最后做侧墙衬砌

有时为了减小施工干扰

和加快运输

还可以采用上下导洞开挖

先拱后墙的方式

对于围岩很不稳定

顶围塌落 侧围易滑的地段

可以采用侧导洞开挖

先墙后拱的方式

或者叫核心支撑法

施工时先在侧部开挖导洞

由下向上逐级衬砌

到一定高程后再开挖顶部导洞

做好顶拱衬砌

最后开挖掉残留的岩体。

当围岩较稳定时

可以采用导洞全面开挖

上下双导洞全面开挖

下导洞全面开挖

或中央导洞全面开挖的方式

将整个多断面开挖完成后

再由边墙到顶拱一次衬砌

也就是导洞全面开挖

连续衬砌

这种方法施工速度快

衬砌质量高

当围岩稳定时

可以全断面一次开挖

也就是全断面开挖

这种方法施工速度快

出渣方便 小尺寸隧道

通常采用这种方式

在地下工程施工过程中

如果围岩不稳定

则还需要设计相应的加固措施

常用的加固措施有支撑

衬砌、锚杆支护

喷锚联合支护

喷射混凝土及灌浆加固等等

支撑呢

它是一种临时性保护围岩的结构

主要采用木结构或钢结构的支架

把围岩支撑起来

同时也可以减小围岩的早期松动

在开挖过程中

遇到局部严重不稳定地段时

通常作为施工中的临时性保护措施

衬砌呢

它是一种永久性加固围岩的结构

通常是通过地下洞室内

用混凝土或钢筋混凝土

做成一定厚度的支撑结构

一般来说衬砌是被动的承受

来自围岩的荷载

为了有效地起到加固效果

一定要使衬砌与围岩紧密接触

从而使它与围岩形成一个整体

所以衬砌做成后

通常需要通过预留的灌浆孔

进行回填灌浆

以填充衬砌与围岩之间的空隙

衬砌的厚度呢

需要根据围岩压力

进行计算和设计

锚杆支护 它是工程中广泛采用的

一种提高围岩稳定性的措施

它是将钢筋锚杆

通过风钻孔插入洞室围岩内

将锚杆的内端

锚固在新鲜完整的岩体上

外端与可能发生松动的

岩体结合在一起

从而将可能坍塌的岩体

锚固在完整的岩体上

有时为了达到更好的效果

还会施加一定的预应力

锚杆加固的作用

除了起到悬吊作用外

更重要是还在于一方面

由于施加了预应力

锚杆系统将对围岩

产生一个较为均匀的径向压力

从而在一定程度上

改善了围岩内的应力条件。

另一方面呢

锚杆加固还能提高

围岩的整体强度

从而在洞室周边

形成一个加固拱

所以锚杆支护的特点

在于主动地加固围岩

并对加固可能产生的

压力破坏的

不稳定地段特别有效

设计时锚杆的长度应

大于围岩松动带的厚度

或分离体的厚度

间距呢主要取决于

锚杆的锚固力和围岩的特性

喷锚联合支护呢

它是随着喷射混凝土

和锚杆支护技术的发展

而迅速发展起来一种加固技术

它是借高压喷射水泥混凝土

和打入岩层中的

锚杆联合作用来加固围岩

它是锚杆 混凝土喷射层

和围岩形成共同作用的体系

防止岩体松动分离

并把一定厚度的围岩

转变成自承拱

有效稳定围岩

当岩体比较破碎时

还可以利用铁丝网

拉挡锚杆之间的小岩块

增强混凝土的喷层

以辅助喷锚支护

工程中普遍使用的新奥法

就是利用喷射混凝土支护的

这一优越性

采用边挖边喷的程序进行施工

在碎裂岩体极为不稳定的

松散堆积物中开挖洞室时

通常采用灌浆的方法进行加固

在围岩中形成一个固结层

以提高围岩稳定性

降低它的透水性

主要的灌浆材料有

水泥灌浆

水玻璃灌浆

还有冻结法等等

好这节课我们学习了

工程中常用的洞室围岩

失稳防治措施

通过这节课的学习

同学们要掌握

这些常用的施工方案

及围岩加固措施

从而为后续

在实际工程中

设计合理的方案奠定基础

Geology and Engineering Geology课程列表:

0 Introduction

-0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment

--Chapter 0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment

-0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology

--Chapter 0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology

-0 Quiz--Homework

1 The Earth and the Crust

-1.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth

--Chapter 2.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth

-1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth

--Chapter 1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth

-1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes

--Chapter 1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes

-1 Quiz--Homework

2 Endogenic Geological Process

-2.1 Crustal Movement

--Chapter 2.1 Crustal Movement

-2.2 Magmatism

--Chapter 2.2 Magmatism

-2.3 Metamorphism

--Chapter 2.3 Metamorphism

-2.4 Earthquake

--Chapter 2.4 Earthquake

-2 Quiz--Homework

3 Exogenic Geological Process

-3.1 Introduction

--Chapter 3.1 Introduction

-3.2 Weathering Effects

--chapter 3.2.1 Physical Weathering

--chapter 3.2.2 Chemical and Biological Weathering

--chapter 3.2.3 Weathering Products and Influencing Factors of the Weathering Process

-3.2 Weathering Effects--Homework

-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water

--chapter 3.3.1 Geologic Process of Temporary Torrents

--chapter 3.3.2.1 River Erosion Effects

--chapter 3.3.2.2 River Transport and Sedimentation Effects

-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water--Homework

-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds

--Chapter 3.4 Geological Effects of Winds

-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds--Homework

-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers

--Chapter 3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers

-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers--Homework

-3 Quiz Easy--Homework

-3 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

4 Minerals and Rocks

-4.1 Minerals

--Chapter 4.1.1 Minerals and Their Morphological Characteristics

--4.1.2 Minerals and Rocks-Mineral Characteristics-Physical and Mechanical Prop

--Chapter 4.1.3 Visual Identification of Common Minerals

-4.1 Minerals--Homework

-4.2 Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.1 Main Mineral Compositions of Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.2 Texture and Structure of Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.3 Common Classification and Identification Methods for Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.4 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅰ

--Chapter 4.2.5 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅱ

-4.2 Magmatic Rocks--Homework

-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.1 Material Compositions of Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.2 Texture and Structure of Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.3 Basic Characteristics of Common Sedimentary Rocks

-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks--Homework

-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks

--Chapter 4.4.1 Mineral Composition and their Texture andStructure

--Chapter 4.4.2 Basic Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks

-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks--Homework

-第4章 Quiz Easy--Homework

-第4章 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

5 The Geologic Times

-5 The Geologic Times

--Chapter 5 The Geologic Times

-5 Quiz--Homework

6 The Geological Structure

-6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure

--Chapter 6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure

-6.2 Fold Structure

--Chapter 6.2 Fold Structure

-6.3 Fault Structure

--Chapter 6.3.1 Joint

--Chapter 6.3.2 Characteristics and Types of Faults

--Chapter 6.3.3 Fault Identification in the Wild

-6 Quiz Easy--Homework

-6 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

7 Geological Maps

-7.1 ntroduction

--Chapter 7.1.1 Types of Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.1.2 Scale of Geological Maps

-7.2 Presentation of the Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.2.1 Formation Lithology

--Chapter 7.2.2 Geological Structure

--Chapter 7.2.3 Contact Relations Between Stratas

-7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps

-7 Quiz Easy--Homework

-7 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

8 Ground Water

-8.1 Basic Conceptuals

--Chapter 8.1 Basic Conceptuals

-8.1 Basic Conceptuals--Homework

-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water

--Chapter 8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water

-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water--Homework

-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water

--Chapter 8.3 Movements of the Ground Water

-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water--Homework

-8.4 Ground Water Quality

--Chapter 8.4 Ground Water Quality

-8.4 Ground Water Quality--Homework

-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology

--Chapter 8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology

-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geoligical Problem--Homework

-8 Quiz Easy--Homework

-8 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

9 Geological Engineering Attributes of Soils

-9.1 Soil Mass

--Chapter 9.1 Soil Mass

-9.1 Soil Mass--Homework

-9.2 Attributes of Soils

--Chapter 9.2.1 Physical Properties of Soil

--Chapter 9.2.2 Water-Physical Properties of Soil

--Chapter 9.2.3 Mechanical Properties of Soil

-9.2 Attributes of Soils--Homework

-9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils

--Chapter 9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils

-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.1 Soft Soil and Its Engimeering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.2 Loess and Its Engineering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.3 Expansive Soil adn Its Engineering Attributes

-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes--Homework

-9 Quiz Easy--Homework

-9 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

10 Geological Engineering Attributes of Rocks

-10.1 Introduction

--Chapter 10.1 Introduction

--10.1 Introduction--Homework

-10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks

--Chapter 10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks

--10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks--Homework

-10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks

--Chapter 10.3.1 Deformation Characteristics

--Chapter 10.3.2 Strength

--10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks--Homework

-10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass

--10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass--Homework

-10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane

--Chapter 10.5.1 Properties of Structural Plane

--Chapter 10.5.2 Mechanical Properties of Structural Plane

--10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane--Homework

-10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass

--10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass--Homework

-10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.7.1 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅰ

--Chapter 10.7.2 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅱ

--10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass--Homework

-10 Quiz Easy--Homework

-10 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

11 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

-11.1 Slope Deformation and Destruction

--Chapter 11.1.1 Slope Deformation

--Chapter 11.1.2 Slope Destruction

-11.1 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework

-11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes

--Chapter 11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes

-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

--Chapter 11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework

-11.4 Structural Analysis Method on Rocky Slope Stability

--Chapter 11.4.1 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅰ

--Chapter 11.4.2 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅱ

-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation

--Chapter 11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation

-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation--Homework

-11 Quiz Easy--Homework

-11 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

12 Geological Engineering Analysis on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks of Underg

-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution

--Chapter 12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution

-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution--Homework

-12.2 Deformation and Destruction of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.2.1 Brittle Adjacent Rock

--Chapter 12.2.2 Plastic Surrounding Rock and Surrounding Rock Stability Sign

-12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks

-12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks

-12 Quiz--Homework

13 Analysis on the Stability of the Rock Mass of the Ground Work

-13.1 Dam Foundation of the Water Conservancy Project

--Chapter 13.1.1 Dam Types and Requirements for Engineering Geological Conditions

--Chapter 13.1.2 Deformation Failure Mode and Stability Analysis

-13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions

--Chapter 13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions

-13 Quiz--Homework

14 Geological Engineering Analysis on the Reservoir Construction

-14.1 Reservoir Leakage

--Chapter 14.1 Reservoir Leakage

-14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank

--Chapter 14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank

-14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations

--Chapter 14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations

-14 Quiz--Homework

15 Methods and Technics of Engineering Geological Exploration

-15.1 Introduction

--Chapter 15.1 Introduction

-15.2 Engineering Geological Mapping

--Chapter 15.2.1 Research Content

--Chapter 15.2.2 Structural Plane Statistics

-15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments

--Chapter 15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments

-15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass

--Chapter 15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass

- Quiz--Homework

Chapter 12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks笔记与讨论

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