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岩层受构造运动的作用

在保持连续性的情况下产生的弯曲变形

就是褶皱构造

自然界中褶皱的形态可以说是千姿百态

规模也是千差万别

小到一块手标本甚至到显微镜下的毫米

到微米级

大到几十甚至几百公里的造山带

褶皱构造在地壳中广泛的分布

也是最常见的一种地质构造形态

它在沉积岩中最为明显

它也是地壳构造运动和构造变形的证据和结果

所以研究褶皱的产状、形态、类型、成因

及分布特点

对于查明区域地质构造和工程地质条件

具有重要的意义

虽然褶皱的形态可以说千姿百态

但总的来讲可以分为向斜和背斜两种基本形态

背斜在形态上表现为

中间岩层向上拱起的这种弯曲

在正常情况下两翼岩层向外倾斜

从而形成中心部位的岩层时代较老

而两侧的岩层依次对称变新一个特点

而向斜

它在形态上表现为

中间的岩层向下凹陷的弯曲

正常情况下两翼的岩层向内倾斜

从而形成中心部位的岩层时代较新

而两翼的岩层依次对称变老这种特点

岩层形成褶皱后

如果没有经过后期的一个风化作用

则应该是背斜成山

向斜成谷

而在褶皱形成过程中由于背斜核部的岩层顶面

受到一种拉应力的作用

会形成一些裂开裂隙

从而有时会导致背斜部位的风化作用比较强烈

而形成沟谷

相反的向斜变成了山脊

也就是形成所谓的向斜成山

背斜成谷一种现象

比如这几个是向斜山

那么另外几个是背斜谷

这个是北京西山的奥陶系灰岩中的一个向斜山

为了便于研究褶皱

根据褶皱的空间几何形态

通常将褶皱构造的各个组成部分

称为褶皱的要素

比如褶皱的中心部位称为核部

核部两侧的岩层称为翼

大致平分两翼的假想的平面称为轴面

轴面与水平面的交线就是轴线

轴线的方向也就代表了褶皱构造的延伸方向

轴线与岩层面的交线称为枢纽

它也是构成褶皱的同一岩层面上

最大弯曲点的一个连线

连接两翼的部分

或者是说从一翼向另一翼过渡的弯曲部位

称为转折端

自然界中褶皱的形态极其的复杂

为了便于分析需要对它们进行分类

褶皱的分类方法呢有很多

比如常用的是根据轴面

和枢纽的产状等形态特征进行分类

根据轴面的产状如果轴面近似于直立

两翼的岩层倾向相反

且倾角大致相等称为直立褶皱

如果轴面倾斜两翼的岩层倾向相反

但是倾角不等就形成了倾斜褶皱

如果轴面倾斜但是两翼的岩层倾向相同

一翼的岩层正常

而另一翼的岩层发生倒转

称为倒转褶皱

比如这个褶皱

如果在这个部位打一个钻孔

那么从上到下是不是岩层的年代由老到新啊

这与正常的层序

也就是说上新下老正好相反

所以我们说褶皱的这一翼地层发生了倒转

也就是倒转翼

如果进一步的发展

轴面近于水平 两翼的岩层也近于水平

那么一翼正常

另一翼发生倒转称为平卧褶皱

对于这个平卧褶皱而言

上面的翼是不是倒转翼啊

这个也是平卧褶皱

根据枢纽的产状可以将褶皱分为水平褶皱

也就是说枢纽是水平的

两翼的岩层的走向近于平行

如果枢纽发生倾斜

两翼的岩层走向不平行

称为倾伏褶皱

如果枢纽向两端很快的倾伏或扬起

形成长宽比小于3比1的背斜

或者向斜的话分别称为穹窿和构造盆地

穹隆构造的岩层向四周倾斜

通常是良好的储油气构造

比如伊朗就有大型的穹隆构造

当褶皱的翼部有许多次一级的褶皱的时候

就称为复向斜或者是复背斜

在野外除了一些岩层出露良好的小型背斜和向斜

可以直接的观察到褶皱的完整形态外

大部分的褶皱均受到一些风化剥蚀等破坏

尤其是对于规模较大的一些褶皱构造

很难直接的识别或观察它的形态

通常需要通过野外调查 地质填图等进行判断

首先我们垂直于岩层的走向进行观察

当岩层重复对称分布时肯定是有褶皱构造

否则就没有褶皱构造

然后来分析岩层的新老组合关系

判断它是背斜还是向斜

如果是中间的地层新

两侧的地层老那么就是向斜

那么如果中间的地层老

而两翼的地层新就是背斜

再分析岩层的产状

判断它是直立褶皱还是倾伏褶皱

如果两翼岩层倾角大致相等 那么就是直立褶皱

如果倾角不等就是倾斜褶皱

最后还要分析枢纽的产状

判断它是水平还是倾伏褶皱

如果两翼岩层的分界线与褶皱的轴平行延伸

并且与枢纽也平行那么就是水平褶皱

而如果两翼的岩层分界线走向不平行

在某一个或两个方向上由一翼转向另一翼

那么就是倾伏褶皱

好 这节课我们学习了褶皱构造

通过这节课的学习

同学们要掌握褶皱的基本类型

及形态分类学会褶皱的识别方法

Geology and Engineering Geology课程列表:

0 Introduction

-0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment

--Chapter 0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment

-0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology

--Chapter 0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology

-0 Quiz--Homework

1 The Earth and the Crust

-1.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth

--Chapter 2.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth

-1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth

--Chapter 1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth

-1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes

--Chapter 1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes

-1 Quiz--Homework

2 Endogenic Geological Process

-2.1 Crustal Movement

--Chapter 2.1 Crustal Movement

-2.2 Magmatism

--Chapter 2.2 Magmatism

-2.3 Metamorphism

--Chapter 2.3 Metamorphism

-2.4 Earthquake

--Chapter 2.4 Earthquake

-2 Quiz--Homework

3 Exogenic Geological Process

-3.1 Introduction

--Chapter 3.1 Introduction

-3.2 Weathering Effects

--chapter 3.2.1 Physical Weathering

--chapter 3.2.2 Chemical and Biological Weathering

--chapter 3.2.3 Weathering Products and Influencing Factors of the Weathering Process

-3.2 Weathering Effects--Homework

-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water

--chapter 3.3.1 Geologic Process of Temporary Torrents

--chapter 3.3.2.1 River Erosion Effects

--chapter 3.3.2.2 River Transport and Sedimentation Effects

-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water--Homework

-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds

--Chapter 3.4 Geological Effects of Winds

-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds--Homework

-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers

--Chapter 3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers

-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers--Homework

-3 Quiz Easy--Homework

-3 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

4 Minerals and Rocks

-4.1 Minerals

--Chapter 4.1.1 Minerals and Their Morphological Characteristics

--4.1.2 Minerals and Rocks-Mineral Characteristics-Physical and Mechanical Prop

--Chapter 4.1.3 Visual Identification of Common Minerals

-4.1 Minerals--Homework

-4.2 Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.1 Main Mineral Compositions of Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.2 Texture and Structure of Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.3 Common Classification and Identification Methods for Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.4 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅰ

--Chapter 4.2.5 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅱ

-4.2 Magmatic Rocks--Homework

-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.1 Material Compositions of Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.2 Texture and Structure of Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.3 Basic Characteristics of Common Sedimentary Rocks

-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks--Homework

-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks

--Chapter 4.4.1 Mineral Composition and their Texture andStructure

--Chapter 4.4.2 Basic Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks

-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks--Homework

-第4章 Quiz Easy--Homework

-第4章 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

5 The Geologic Times

-5 The Geologic Times

--Chapter 5 The Geologic Times

-5 Quiz--Homework

6 The Geological Structure

-6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure

--Chapter 6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure

-6.2 Fold Structure

--Chapter 6.2 Fold Structure

-6.3 Fault Structure

--Chapter 6.3.1 Joint

--Chapter 6.3.2 Characteristics and Types of Faults

--Chapter 6.3.3 Fault Identification in the Wild

-6 Quiz Easy--Homework

-6 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

7 Geological Maps

-7.1 ntroduction

--Chapter 7.1.1 Types of Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.1.2 Scale of Geological Maps

-7.2 Presentation of the Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.2.1 Formation Lithology

--Chapter 7.2.2 Geological Structure

--Chapter 7.2.3 Contact Relations Between Stratas

-7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps

-7 Quiz Easy--Homework

-7 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

8 Ground Water

-8.1 Basic Conceptuals

--Chapter 8.1 Basic Conceptuals

-8.1 Basic Conceptuals--Homework

-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water

--Chapter 8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water

-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water--Homework

-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water

--Chapter 8.3 Movements of the Ground Water

-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water--Homework

-8.4 Ground Water Quality

--Chapter 8.4 Ground Water Quality

-8.4 Ground Water Quality--Homework

-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology

--Chapter 8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology

-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geoligical Problem--Homework

-8 Quiz Easy--Homework

-8 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

9 Geological Engineering Attributes of Soils

-9.1 Soil Mass

--Chapter 9.1 Soil Mass

-9.1 Soil Mass--Homework

-9.2 Attributes of Soils

--Chapter 9.2.1 Physical Properties of Soil

--Chapter 9.2.2 Water-Physical Properties of Soil

--Chapter 9.2.3 Mechanical Properties of Soil

-9.2 Attributes of Soils--Homework

-9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils

--Chapter 9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils

-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.1 Soft Soil and Its Engimeering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.2 Loess and Its Engineering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.3 Expansive Soil adn Its Engineering Attributes

-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes--Homework

-9 Quiz Easy--Homework

-9 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

10 Geological Engineering Attributes of Rocks

-10.1 Introduction

--Chapter 10.1 Introduction

--10.1 Introduction--Homework

-10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks

--Chapter 10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks

--10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks--Homework

-10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks

--Chapter 10.3.1 Deformation Characteristics

--Chapter 10.3.2 Strength

--10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks--Homework

-10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass

--10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass--Homework

-10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane

--Chapter 10.5.1 Properties of Structural Plane

--Chapter 10.5.2 Mechanical Properties of Structural Plane

--10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane--Homework

-10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass

--10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass--Homework

-10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.7.1 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅰ

--Chapter 10.7.2 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅱ

--10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass--Homework

-10 Quiz Easy--Homework

-10 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

11 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

-11.1 Slope Deformation and Destruction

--Chapter 11.1.1 Slope Deformation

--Chapter 11.1.2 Slope Destruction

-11.1 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework

-11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes

--Chapter 11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes

-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

--Chapter 11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework

-11.4 Structural Analysis Method on Rocky Slope Stability

--Chapter 11.4.1 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅰ

--Chapter 11.4.2 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅱ

-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation

--Chapter 11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation

-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation--Homework

-11 Quiz Easy--Homework

-11 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

12 Geological Engineering Analysis on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks of Underg

-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution

--Chapter 12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution

-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution--Homework

-12.2 Deformation and Destruction of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.2.1 Brittle Adjacent Rock

--Chapter 12.2.2 Plastic Surrounding Rock and Surrounding Rock Stability Sign

-12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks

-12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks

-12 Quiz--Homework

13 Analysis on the Stability of the Rock Mass of the Ground Work

-13.1 Dam Foundation of the Water Conservancy Project

--Chapter 13.1.1 Dam Types and Requirements for Engineering Geological Conditions

--Chapter 13.1.2 Deformation Failure Mode and Stability Analysis

-13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions

--Chapter 13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions

-13 Quiz--Homework

14 Geological Engineering Analysis on the Reservoir Construction

-14.1 Reservoir Leakage

--Chapter 14.1 Reservoir Leakage

-14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank

--Chapter 14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank

-14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations

--Chapter 14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations

-14 Quiz--Homework

15 Methods and Technics of Engineering Geological Exploration

-15.1 Introduction

--Chapter 15.1 Introduction

-15.2 Engineering Geological Mapping

--Chapter 15.2.1 Research Content

--Chapter 15.2.2 Structural Plane Statistics

-15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments

--Chapter 15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments

-15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass

--Chapter 15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass

- Quiz--Homework

Chapter 6.2 Fold Structure笔记与讨论

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