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Chapter 14.1 Reservoir Leakage课程教案、知识点、字幕

同学们好 欢迎来到地质学与工程地质课程

水库蓄水后 库区水文环境

将发生剧烈的变化 并引起

库周水文地质条件的改变

从而影响着库区及临近地段的地质环境

当存在某些不利因素时

就会产生相应的工程地质问题

随着水电工程建设的不断发展

坝体越来越高

库容也越来越大

所引起的工程地质问题

也将越来越复杂

一般来说水库工程地质问题

主要有水库渗漏 库岸稳定

水库淤积 库周浸没及

诱发地震等五个方面

关于水库诱发地震的问题

我们前面已经学过

这节课我们先来学习水库渗漏问题

水库渗漏它是指库水沿着岩石的

孔隙 裂隙 断层及溶洞等

向库盆以外或者通过坝基

及坝肩向下游渗漏水量的一种现象

渗漏问题通常是水库

最主要的工程地质问题之一

但是自然条件下

要求水库滴水不漏也是不可能的

问题在于渗漏所造成的水量损失

是否会影响到水库的运营

或产生其它严重的工程地质问题

所以应当从水库水量平衡的角度

来研究这一问题

工程设计中 一般要求水库的渗漏量

要小于河流平水期流量的1%到3%

水库的大量渗漏 一方面

将影响水库运营的效益

甚至完全丧失经济效益

如北京的苇子水水库 天开水库等

由于严重渗漏而成为干库

另一方面坝区的渗漏

将导致坝基产生渗透变形

甚至威胁大坝的安全

根据水库渗漏的类型可以将它分为

暂时性渗漏和永久性渗漏两种方式

暂时性渗漏呢 它发生在水库蓄水初期

为了填充库水位以下岩土体的

孔隙 裂隙和洞穴而出现的水量损失

这种渗漏经过一段时间后就会停止

一般来说意义不大

而永久性渗漏它是库水

通过分水岭向临谷或者洼地

以及通过库盆 底盆

向远处低洼排泄区渗漏的一种现象

这种渗漏是长期持续的过程

对水库的影响较大

根据永久性渗漏的途径

可以大致将它分为四种情况

也就是通过坝基向下游渗漏

通过分水岭向临谷渗漏

通过河湾向下游产生绕坝渗漏

以及通过库盆底部

向远处低洼排泄区渗漏

所以为了防止水库修建后

存在严重的渗漏问题

有必要对水库渗漏发生的

地质条件进行分析

这也是进行水库渗漏

工程地质问题研究的基础工作

主要包括地形地貌 地层岩性 地质构造

和水文地质条件等几个方面

在地形地貌方面

水库附近沟谷的切割密度和切割深度

对水库渗漏影响至关重要

当临近沟谷切割很深

低于库水位且与水库间的

分水岭比较单薄时

由于渗透途径比较短

水力梯度大 有利于库水渗漏

特别是在库周水文网密度

和深度较大的山区尤为突出

库区地层的岩土体性质和地质结构

决定了渗透介质的透水性能

渗透性强烈的岩土体和构造破碎带

有时会构成水库的渗漏通道

就岩土体性质来说

对水库渗漏有重大意义的是

碳酸盐岩和未胶结的砂卵砾石层

第四纪砂卵砾石层往往是冲积成因的

当它的厚度大 且透水性较强时

可能构成强渗漏通道

比如十三陵水库

它的坝基为河床冲积形成的

砂卵砾石层未做防渗处理

而且库区也存在一个古河道

它们构成了水库永久渗漏通道

碳酸盐岩地区

通常岩溶裂隙和溶隙比较发育

如果它们与库外相通

将形成集中的渗漏通道

从而产生严重的渗漏问题

比如北京房山的天开水库

库区地层为震旦亚代的白云质石灰岩

岩溶较为发育

主坝坝基岩层与河谷走向一致

也就是形成纵谷

而且溶隙也比较发育

副坝为古河道

也没有做任何的防渗处理

导致水库修建后

一直没有蓄起水来 成为干库

地质构造对水库的渗漏影响也非常大

主要是指库内的断层破碎带

贯通节理密集带 褶皱构造 岩层产状

不整合面及风化破碎带等等

当宽大而胶结较差的断层破碎带

切过分水岭通向临谷时

有可能形成集中渗漏通道

使库水向临谷渗漏

另外不同的构造条件

对水库的渗漏影响也有所不同

对于纵向谷背斜构造的情况

如果透水岩层的倾角比较小

且被临谷切割出露

那么可能导致库水向临谷渗漏

对于纵向河谷向斜构造的情况

如果是有隔水层的向斜构造

那么不会向临谷渗漏

如果没有隔水层阻水

而且又与临谷相通

那么可能引起向临谷的渗漏

当岩层倾角较大

且不在临谷中出露时

无论是向斜 还是背斜

那么向临谷发生渗漏的可能性都很小

当纵谷的渗漏通道被断层切割时

那么通常对防渗是有利的

而当横谷透水层的一端在库内出露时

库水将沿着透水层向下游

或远处排泄区发生渗漏

上面这些地形 地貌 地层岩性

及地质构造条件等

它们是决定水库渗漏的必要条件

但不是充分条件

判断水库是否会产生永久性渗漏

还必须要研究库区的水文地质条件

查清库周是否存在有地下分水岭

以及分水岭的高程与库水位的关系

如果地表分水岭的两侧均有潜水补给的泉水

肯定存在地下分水岭

非岩溶地区的河间地块一般都存在地下分水岭

而且与地表分水岭的位置通常是一致的

但是岩溶地区的地下分水岭

通常与地表分水岭是不一致的

甚至根本就不存在地下分水岭

根据有无地下分水岭

及地下分水岭的高程与水库

正常高水位之间的关系可以大致判断

库水向临谷渗漏的可能性

当地下分水岭高于水库正常高水位时

不会发生渗漏

否则有可能发生渗漏

如果蓄水前库区河谷水流就向临谷渗漏

那么没有地下分水岭 蓄水后

将存在严重的渗漏

如果蓄水前临谷水流向库区河流渗漏

也没有地下分水岭

当临谷水位低于水库正常高水位时

蓄水后有可能发生渗漏

而当临谷水位高于水库正常高水位时

那么蓄水后不会发生渗漏

比如新安江水库 库区地层为

二叠系石灰岩 岩溶发育

但临谷地下水分水岭大大高于水库设计水位

所以水库修建后并没有发生渗漏

当然水库渗漏的评价是一个系统工程

除了要查明一切可能的渗漏通道外

还应该把地形地貌 地层岩性

地质构造及水文地质条件等

联系起来综合进行分析

好 这节课我们学习了

水库渗漏及发生的地质条件

同学们通过这节课的学习

要了解这些可能导致水库发生

渗漏的地质条件及其机理

从而为实际工作中

有效地防范水库渗漏问题奠定基础

Geology and Engineering Geology课程列表:

0 Introduction

-0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment

--Chapter 0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment

-0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology

--Chapter 0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology

-0 Quiz--Homework

1 The Earth and the Crust

-1.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth

--Chapter 2.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth

-1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth

--Chapter 1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth

-1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes

--Chapter 1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes

-1 Quiz--Homework

2 Endogenic Geological Process

-2.1 Crustal Movement

--Chapter 2.1 Crustal Movement

-2.2 Magmatism

--Chapter 2.2 Magmatism

-2.3 Metamorphism

--Chapter 2.3 Metamorphism

-2.4 Earthquake

--Chapter 2.4 Earthquake

-2 Quiz--Homework

3 Exogenic Geological Process

-3.1 Introduction

--Chapter 3.1 Introduction

-3.2 Weathering Effects

--chapter 3.2.1 Physical Weathering

--chapter 3.2.2 Chemical and Biological Weathering

--chapter 3.2.3 Weathering Products and Influencing Factors of the Weathering Process

-3.2 Weathering Effects--Homework

-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water

--chapter 3.3.1 Geologic Process of Temporary Torrents

--chapter 3.3.2.1 River Erosion Effects

--chapter 3.3.2.2 River Transport and Sedimentation Effects

-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water--Homework

-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds

--Chapter 3.4 Geological Effects of Winds

-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds--Homework

-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers

--Chapter 3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers

-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers--Homework

-3 Quiz Easy--Homework

-3 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

4 Minerals and Rocks

-4.1 Minerals

--Chapter 4.1.1 Minerals and Their Morphological Characteristics

--4.1.2 Minerals and Rocks-Mineral Characteristics-Physical and Mechanical Prop

--Chapter 4.1.3 Visual Identification of Common Minerals

-4.1 Minerals--Homework

-4.2 Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.1 Main Mineral Compositions of Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.2 Texture and Structure of Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.3 Common Classification and Identification Methods for Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.4 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅰ

--Chapter 4.2.5 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅱ

-4.2 Magmatic Rocks--Homework

-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.1 Material Compositions of Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.2 Texture and Structure of Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.3 Basic Characteristics of Common Sedimentary Rocks

-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks--Homework

-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks

--Chapter 4.4.1 Mineral Composition and their Texture andStructure

--Chapter 4.4.2 Basic Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks

-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks--Homework

-第4章 Quiz Easy--Homework

-第4章 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

5 The Geologic Times

-5 The Geologic Times

--Chapter 5 The Geologic Times

-5 Quiz--Homework

6 The Geological Structure

-6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure

--Chapter 6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure

-6.2 Fold Structure

--Chapter 6.2 Fold Structure

-6.3 Fault Structure

--Chapter 6.3.1 Joint

--Chapter 6.3.2 Characteristics and Types of Faults

--Chapter 6.3.3 Fault Identification in the Wild

-6 Quiz Easy--Homework

-6 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

7 Geological Maps

-7.1 ntroduction

--Chapter 7.1.1 Types of Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.1.2 Scale of Geological Maps

-7.2 Presentation of the Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.2.1 Formation Lithology

--Chapter 7.2.2 Geological Structure

--Chapter 7.2.3 Contact Relations Between Stratas

-7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps

-7 Quiz Easy--Homework

-7 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

8 Ground Water

-8.1 Basic Conceptuals

--Chapter 8.1 Basic Conceptuals

-8.1 Basic Conceptuals--Homework

-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water

--Chapter 8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water

-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water--Homework

-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water

--Chapter 8.3 Movements of the Ground Water

-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water--Homework

-8.4 Ground Water Quality

--Chapter 8.4 Ground Water Quality

-8.4 Ground Water Quality--Homework

-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology

--Chapter 8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology

-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geoligical Problem--Homework

-8 Quiz Easy--Homework

-8 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

9 Geological Engineering Attributes of Soils

-9.1 Soil Mass

--Chapter 9.1 Soil Mass

-9.1 Soil Mass--Homework

-9.2 Attributes of Soils

--Chapter 9.2.1 Physical Properties of Soil

--Chapter 9.2.2 Water-Physical Properties of Soil

--Chapter 9.2.3 Mechanical Properties of Soil

-9.2 Attributes of Soils--Homework

-9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils

--Chapter 9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils

-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.1 Soft Soil and Its Engimeering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.2 Loess and Its Engineering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.3 Expansive Soil adn Its Engineering Attributes

-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes--Homework

-9 Quiz Easy--Homework

-9 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

10 Geological Engineering Attributes of Rocks

-10.1 Introduction

--Chapter 10.1 Introduction

--10.1 Introduction--Homework

-10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks

--Chapter 10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks

--10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks--Homework

-10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks

--Chapter 10.3.1 Deformation Characteristics

--Chapter 10.3.2 Strength

--10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks--Homework

-10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass

--10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass--Homework

-10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane

--Chapter 10.5.1 Properties of Structural Plane

--Chapter 10.5.2 Mechanical Properties of Structural Plane

--10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane--Homework

-10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass

--10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass--Homework

-10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.7.1 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅰ

--Chapter 10.7.2 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅱ

--10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass--Homework

-10 Quiz Easy--Homework

-10 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

11 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

-11.1 Slope Deformation and Destruction

--Chapter 11.1.1 Slope Deformation

--Chapter 11.1.2 Slope Destruction

-11.1 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework

-11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes

--Chapter 11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes

-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

--Chapter 11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework

-11.4 Structural Analysis Method on Rocky Slope Stability

--Chapter 11.4.1 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅰ

--Chapter 11.4.2 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅱ

-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation

--Chapter 11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation

-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation--Homework

-11 Quiz Easy--Homework

-11 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

12 Geological Engineering Analysis on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks of Underg

-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution

--Chapter 12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution

-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution--Homework

-12.2 Deformation and Destruction of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.2.1 Brittle Adjacent Rock

--Chapter 12.2.2 Plastic Surrounding Rock and Surrounding Rock Stability Sign

-12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks

-12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks

-12 Quiz--Homework

13 Analysis on the Stability of the Rock Mass of the Ground Work

-13.1 Dam Foundation of the Water Conservancy Project

--Chapter 13.1.1 Dam Types and Requirements for Engineering Geological Conditions

--Chapter 13.1.2 Deformation Failure Mode and Stability Analysis

-13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions

--Chapter 13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions

-13 Quiz--Homework

14 Geological Engineering Analysis on the Reservoir Construction

-14.1 Reservoir Leakage

--Chapter 14.1 Reservoir Leakage

-14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank

--Chapter 14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank

-14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations

--Chapter 14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations

-14 Quiz--Homework

15 Methods and Technics of Engineering Geological Exploration

-15.1 Introduction

--Chapter 15.1 Introduction

-15.2 Engineering Geological Mapping

--Chapter 15.2.1 Research Content

--Chapter 15.2.2 Structural Plane Statistics

-15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments

--Chapter 15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments

-15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass

--Chapter 15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass

- Quiz--Homework

Chapter 14.1 Reservoir Leakage笔记与讨论

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