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Chapter 6.3.3 Fault Identification in the Wild课程教案、知识点、字幕

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欢迎来到地质学与工程地质课程

当岩体发生错动

形成断层后

将改变了原地层的分布规律

在断层带内产生各种构造现象

形成不同的地貌和水文地质特征

也就是说形成了不同的断层效应

那么这些呢

为我们野外识别

和研究断层

提供了重要的依据

这节课呢我们就来学习

如何在野外对断层进行识别

第一个标志呢

就是地层的重复和缺失

它是断层存在的重要识别标志

这种现象呢

一般出现在走向断层

也就是说断层的走向

与岩层的走向是一致的断层

它的一些断层带的两侧

由于断层而造成的

这种地层的重复不对称现象

我们叫它顺序重复

它呢与褶皱两翼的

地层重复对称现象

也就是对称重复

是有明显不同的

由于断层面的产状地层的产状

还有断层的性质的差异

造成了地层重复

和缺失现象也是不同的

大致可以分为六种类型

第一种就是断层的产状

与岩层产状相反的时候

如果是说断层两侧

出现地层的重复

那么这个断层就是正断层

如果出现地层的缺失

那么就是逆断层

如果断层的产状

与地层产状相同

并且断层面的倾角

大于岩层倾角的时候

这时如果是说

断层两侧的地层

出现了缺失

那么就是正断层

如果出现地层的重复

那么就是逆断层

还有一种情况呢就是

断层的产状与地层的产状

也是相同的

但是断层面的倾角

要小于岩层的倾角

如果是说断层两侧

出现了地层重复

那么就是一个正断层

相反如果两侧出现了

地层的缺失呢

那么就是逆断层

第二个标志呢

就是构造的不连续

也就是岩层

或者是岩脉沿着延伸的方向

发生突然错断

或者是说早期的断层

被后期的断层切割错断

当断层切穿褶皱构造时

则表现为断层两侧褶皱核部

它的宽度发生突然的变化

比如背斜的核部

相对变宽的一侧呢

通常为上升盘

而向斜的核部

相对变宽的一侧呢

为下降盘

那么这个呢

是断层将上覆的黄土层切断

第三个标志呢

是断层破碎带及构造岩

规模比较大的断层

通常会形成断层破碎带

受断层两盘错动的影响

会在断层带内形成

断层角砾岩、糜棱岩

如果碾磨成极细的岩粉

或者是黏土颗粒则成为断层泥

第四个标志呢

是擦痕、阶步及磨光镜面

断层错动的过程中

有时会在两侧的岩体上

形成一些具有

一定方向排列的擦痕

而也有呢

会形成光滑的磨光镜面

擦痕呢一般形成在

一些坚硬的岩层中

而磨光镜面呢

一般形成在软弱的

塑性岩层中

比如泥质岩中

擦痕一般是一端粗一端细

那么由粗到细的方向呢

就指示了对盘的运动方向

如果我们用手

顺着擦痕的方向进行抚摸

有时会觉得

某一个方向比较光滑

而另一个方向呢

比较粗糙

那相对光滑方向呢

它就指示了

对盘的运动方向

在断层面上

有时会发育有一些

与擦痕近于垂直的

小的陡坎

也就是阶步

阶步较陡的一侧呢

指示了对盘的相对运动方向

所以根据擦痕和阶步

我们可以判断

断层两盘的相对运动方向

进而判断断层一个性质

第五种标志就是

牵引现象和伴生节理

当断层两盘相对错动时

那么断层两次侧的岩层

将受到拖曳力的作用

有时会形成弧形的弯曲

这种现象呢

就是断层的牵引现象

断层牵引现象

一般在一些横切薄层状岩层

比如页岩中的一些断层

比较常见

而弧形突出的方向

它指示的是本盘

相对运动的方向

从而根据拖曳现象

也可以判断断层的一些性质

有时由于断层的剪切错动

会形成一些局部的应力集中

从而导致两侧的岩石

产生一些有规律分布的节理

称为伴生节理

它们在断层面的两侧

一般呈雁行排列

形状像羽毛

所以有时又叫做羽状裂隙

半生节理与断层面相交的锐角

它指示本盘的相对运动方向

第六种标志呢

就是地貌及地下水

由于断层升降运动差异

有时在地貌上

会呈现一种突然的变化

比如在山区与平原的交界处

通常会形成这种三角形的断面

成为断层三角面

相应的形成陡崖

我们称为断层崖

当断层切穿地下含水层

尤其是承压含水层的时候

地下水会沿着断层带

流出地表形成泉水

如果在野外

见到一系列的泉水

呈线状的分布

一般来讲

它是由断层

切割形成的

有的时候呢

由于地形的差异

会沿着断层带

出现一系列的线状分布的湖泊

又叫做串珠湖

第七个标志就是地物特征

比如一些有规律的农田

它被断层错动

古建筑物被错断

还有道路被错断等等

那么这个呢

是一个树木正好生长在断层面上

被断层从中间错断成两截

还有一些其它的特征

比如受断层的影响

通常会引起断层带附近

产生一个地球化学异常

另外还可以通过

变形观测、浅层地震勘探

地质雷达等测量手段

进行勘测和分析

总的来讲呢

虽然野外识别断层的标志有很多

但是不能孤立地

根据一种标志进行判断

在具体分析的时候

应详细的根据野外调查研究成果

进行综合的分析判断

才能得到可靠的一个结论

好 这节课我们详细学习了

断层野外识别方法

通过这节课的学习

同学们要掌握这些

常见的断层识别标志

能够在野外

进行简单的断层识别

Geology and Engineering Geology课程列表:

0 Introduction

-0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment

--Chapter 0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment

-0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology

--Chapter 0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology

-0 Quiz--Homework

1 The Earth and the Crust

-1.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth

--Chapter 2.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth

-1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth

--Chapter 1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth

-1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes

--Chapter 1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes

-1 Quiz--Homework

2 Endogenic Geological Process

-2.1 Crustal Movement

--Chapter 2.1 Crustal Movement

-2.2 Magmatism

--Chapter 2.2 Magmatism

-2.3 Metamorphism

--Chapter 2.3 Metamorphism

-2.4 Earthquake

--Chapter 2.4 Earthquake

-2 Quiz--Homework

3 Exogenic Geological Process

-3.1 Introduction

--Chapter 3.1 Introduction

-3.2 Weathering Effects

--chapter 3.2.1 Physical Weathering

--chapter 3.2.2 Chemical and Biological Weathering

--chapter 3.2.3 Weathering Products and Influencing Factors of the Weathering Process

-3.2 Weathering Effects--Homework

-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water

--chapter 3.3.1 Geologic Process of Temporary Torrents

--chapter 3.3.2.1 River Erosion Effects

--chapter 3.3.2.2 River Transport and Sedimentation Effects

-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water--Homework

-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds

--Chapter 3.4 Geological Effects of Winds

-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds--Homework

-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers

--Chapter 3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers

-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers--Homework

-3 Quiz Easy--Homework

-3 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

4 Minerals and Rocks

-4.1 Minerals

--Chapter 4.1.1 Minerals and Their Morphological Characteristics

--4.1.2 Minerals and Rocks-Mineral Characteristics-Physical and Mechanical Prop

--Chapter 4.1.3 Visual Identification of Common Minerals

-4.1 Minerals--Homework

-4.2 Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.1 Main Mineral Compositions of Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.2 Texture and Structure of Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.3 Common Classification and Identification Methods for Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.4 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅰ

--Chapter 4.2.5 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅱ

-4.2 Magmatic Rocks--Homework

-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.1 Material Compositions of Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.2 Texture and Structure of Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.3 Basic Characteristics of Common Sedimentary Rocks

-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks--Homework

-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks

--Chapter 4.4.1 Mineral Composition and their Texture andStructure

--Chapter 4.4.2 Basic Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks

-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks--Homework

-第4章 Quiz Easy--Homework

-第4章 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

5 The Geologic Times

-5 The Geologic Times

--Chapter 5 The Geologic Times

-5 Quiz--Homework

6 The Geological Structure

-6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure

--Chapter 6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure

-6.2 Fold Structure

--Chapter 6.2 Fold Structure

-6.3 Fault Structure

--Chapter 6.3.1 Joint

--Chapter 6.3.2 Characteristics and Types of Faults

--Chapter 6.3.3 Fault Identification in the Wild

-6 Quiz Easy--Homework

-6 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

7 Geological Maps

-7.1 ntroduction

--Chapter 7.1.1 Types of Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.1.2 Scale of Geological Maps

-7.2 Presentation of the Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.2.1 Formation Lithology

--Chapter 7.2.2 Geological Structure

--Chapter 7.2.3 Contact Relations Between Stratas

-7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps

-7 Quiz Easy--Homework

-7 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

8 Ground Water

-8.1 Basic Conceptuals

--Chapter 8.1 Basic Conceptuals

-8.1 Basic Conceptuals--Homework

-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water

--Chapter 8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water

-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water--Homework

-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water

--Chapter 8.3 Movements of the Ground Water

-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water--Homework

-8.4 Ground Water Quality

--Chapter 8.4 Ground Water Quality

-8.4 Ground Water Quality--Homework

-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology

--Chapter 8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology

-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geoligical Problem--Homework

-8 Quiz Easy--Homework

-8 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

9 Geological Engineering Attributes of Soils

-9.1 Soil Mass

--Chapter 9.1 Soil Mass

-9.1 Soil Mass--Homework

-9.2 Attributes of Soils

--Chapter 9.2.1 Physical Properties of Soil

--Chapter 9.2.2 Water-Physical Properties of Soil

--Chapter 9.2.3 Mechanical Properties of Soil

-9.2 Attributes of Soils--Homework

-9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils

--Chapter 9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils

-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.1 Soft Soil and Its Engimeering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.2 Loess and Its Engineering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.3 Expansive Soil adn Its Engineering Attributes

-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes--Homework

-9 Quiz Easy--Homework

-9 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

10 Geological Engineering Attributes of Rocks

-10.1 Introduction

--Chapter 10.1 Introduction

--10.1 Introduction--Homework

-10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks

--Chapter 10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks

--10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks--Homework

-10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks

--Chapter 10.3.1 Deformation Characteristics

--Chapter 10.3.2 Strength

--10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks--Homework

-10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass

--10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass--Homework

-10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane

--Chapter 10.5.1 Properties of Structural Plane

--Chapter 10.5.2 Mechanical Properties of Structural Plane

--10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane--Homework

-10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass

--10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass--Homework

-10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.7.1 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅰ

--Chapter 10.7.2 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅱ

--10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass--Homework

-10 Quiz Easy--Homework

-10 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

11 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

-11.1 Slope Deformation and Destruction

--Chapter 11.1.1 Slope Deformation

--Chapter 11.1.2 Slope Destruction

-11.1 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework

-11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes

--Chapter 11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes

-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

--Chapter 11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework

-11.4 Structural Analysis Method on Rocky Slope Stability

--Chapter 11.4.1 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅰ

--Chapter 11.4.2 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅱ

-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation

--Chapter 11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation

-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation--Homework

-11 Quiz Easy--Homework

-11 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

12 Geological Engineering Analysis on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks of Underg

-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution

--Chapter 12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution

-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution--Homework

-12.2 Deformation and Destruction of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.2.1 Brittle Adjacent Rock

--Chapter 12.2.2 Plastic Surrounding Rock and Surrounding Rock Stability Sign

-12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks

-12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks

-12 Quiz--Homework

13 Analysis on the Stability of the Rock Mass of the Ground Work

-13.1 Dam Foundation of the Water Conservancy Project

--Chapter 13.1.1 Dam Types and Requirements for Engineering Geological Conditions

--Chapter 13.1.2 Deformation Failure Mode and Stability Analysis

-13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions

--Chapter 13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions

-13 Quiz--Homework

14 Geological Engineering Analysis on the Reservoir Construction

-14.1 Reservoir Leakage

--Chapter 14.1 Reservoir Leakage

-14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank

--Chapter 14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank

-14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations

--Chapter 14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations

-14 Quiz--Homework

15 Methods and Technics of Engineering Geological Exploration

-15.1 Introduction

--Chapter 15.1 Introduction

-15.2 Engineering Geological Mapping

--Chapter 15.2.1 Research Content

--Chapter 15.2.2 Structural Plane Statistics

-15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments

--Chapter 15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments

-15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass

--Chapter 15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass

- Quiz--Homework

Chapter 6.3.3 Fault Identification in the Wild笔记与讨论

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