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Chapter 8.1 Basic Conceptuals课程教案、知识点、字幕

同学们好

欢迎来到地质学与工程地质课程

大家都知道

地下水是我们人类

赖以生存的宝贵的自然资源

可以作为生活用水

也可以作为工农业生产用水

但是地下水作为地质环境中的

一个重要的外部营力因素

也常常会给人类的工程活动

带来一些不利的影响

比如我们在新闻中

经常会听到有的地方矿山

或者是隧道发生突水事故

而在城市建设中

随着人类对地下空间的开发

基坑越来越深

地下水问题呢

成为影响基坑稳定的

一个重要的环境因素

在水利工程中的一些土石坝

河流堤坝等等

地下水渗透破坏问题

也是一个影响工程稳定的

重要因素

此外地下水还常常是造成滑坡

地面沉降、地面塌陷等

地质灾害的一个

主要的诱发因素

因此研究地下水

对合理的利用资源

同时保证工程建设的安全

具有重要的意义

这节课呢

我们先来了解一些

与地下水有关的基本概念

首先到底什么是地下水

其实就是赋存于地表以下的

岩土孔隙中的水

它主要来源于大气降水

冰雪用水、地表径流

还有湖水和海水等等

它们经过土壤

渗入地下而形成的

地下水与地表水

还有大气水是统一的

它们共同构成了

我们赖以生存的水圈

岩土体内部的孔隙

是地下水赋存和运动的空间

它们的特征对地下水

有很大的影响

根据成因不同

可以将岩土体中的孔隙

分为三类

也就是孔隙、裂隙和溶隙

孔隙 它主要是指松散介质中

颗粒或颗粒集合体

比如砂土、粉土

粘土还有一些岩石等

它们内部普遍存在的

一些小的空隙

岩土体的孔隙性发育程度呢

通常用孔隙度和孔隙比来衡量

孔隙度 它是土体中孔隙体积

与土总体积的比值

用百分号来表示

土体的孔隙度啊

主要取决于

它的密实程度和分选性

对于分选性好

也就是说粒径

相对均匀的土体

它的孔隙度相对较大

比如单纯的粗砂和粉砂

它的孔隙度分别为

30%和40%左右

而将两个混合起来

形成的孔隙度呢

仅有12%左右

此外颗粒较粗的土体

孔隙度要比颗粒细的土体

的孔隙度要小

比如粘土

它的孔隙度约为60%

而砂砾石的孔隙度呢

仅有14%左右

还有颗粒的形态

也会对孔隙度

有一定的影响

比如磨圆度好的土体

它的孔隙度相对大一些

孔隙比呢

它是孔隙的体积

与土体中固体颗粒

体积的比值

用小数来表示

土体的孔隙比呢

通常反映了土体的压密程度

裂隙 它主要是指

岩石成岩后

在各种内外动力

地质作用下

而产生的孔隙

比如岩石内部的节理

岩石裂隙的发育程度

一般用裂隙率来表示

也就是岩石中裂隙的体积

对岩石总体积的比值

岩石的裂隙率

一般与岩石的受力条件

和岩性有密切的关系

对于硬脆性的岩石

比如石英岩、石灰岩等

一般发育张性裂隙

透水性相对比较好

而对于软弱塑性岩石

比如泥岩、泥质页岩等等

一般是裂隙为闭合的

透水性呢相对较差

溶隙呢

它是指一些可溶岩

比如石灰岩、白云岩

还有盐岩

它在地下水的长期作用下

溶蚀而形成的

一些导水通道

一般用溶蚀率来表示

也就是岩石中

溶隙的体积与岩石总体积

的一个比值

不同的岩土体中

它们的孔隙性有很大的差别

值得一提的是

我们在分析它们的孔隙性时

不但要研究孔隙的多少

而且更重要是

研究孔隙本身的大小

孔隙间的连通性和分布规律

比如松散土体

例如砂土、卵砾石等

它里面的孔隙大小

和分布都比较均匀

而且连通性好

而粘土啊

它的孔隙度虽然也比较大

但是孔隙小

连通性差

岩石中的裂隙啊

无论是宽度

长度还是连通性

它的差异都比较大

分布呢也不均匀

而溶隙呢

大小悬殊 分布更不均匀

连通性也更长

岩土体内部的孔隙

一方面作为地下水

存储的空间

另一方面呢

在一定的外界条件下

地下水将在岩土体的孔隙中

发生运动和迁移

岩土体的孔隙性不同

地下水运动的难易程度

有很大的差别

比如地下水在松散的砂土中

是不是要比粘土中

运动更容易一些

所以我们在建土石坝的时候

通常在新墙部位

采用粘性土

以降低坝体的渗透性

岩土体这种允许

水透过的能力

就是透水性

通常用渗透系数来

定量的表示

岩土体的透水能力

岩土体的透水性

主要取决于岩土体中

孔隙的大小多少

和连通程度

孔隙大而多

连通性好的岩土体

透水性相对较好

相反 孔隙小而少

连通性差的岩土体呢

透水性相对较差

或者是不透水

那么根据岩土体的透水性

可以将它划分为两类

也就是透水层和不透水层

透水层呢

它是指在正常的

水力梯度下

饱水 透水

并能给出一定水量的

岩土层

而不透水层呢相反

是在正常水力梯度下

不透水或者是透水

相对微弱的岩土层

大家想一下

一个岩土层要成为含水层

它必须具备的条件是什么

首先是不是要有较大

而且连通的空隙啊

另外还要有

充分的补水来源

此外呢

还需要与隔水层组合

形成储水的空间

好 这节课我们学习了

一些与地下水

有关的基本概念

通过这节课的学习

同学们要了解

与岩土体孔隙性

和透水性相关的

一些基本概念

定量评价指标

从而为后续学习奠定基础

Geology and Engineering Geology课程列表:

0 Introduction

-0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment

--Chapter 0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment

-0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology

--Chapter 0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology

-0 Quiz--Homework

1 The Earth and the Crust

-1.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth

--Chapter 2.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth

-1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth

--Chapter 1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth

-1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes

--Chapter 1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes

-1 Quiz--Homework

2 Endogenic Geological Process

-2.1 Crustal Movement

--Chapter 2.1 Crustal Movement

-2.2 Magmatism

--Chapter 2.2 Magmatism

-2.3 Metamorphism

--Chapter 2.3 Metamorphism

-2.4 Earthquake

--Chapter 2.4 Earthquake

-2 Quiz--Homework

3 Exogenic Geological Process

-3.1 Introduction

--Chapter 3.1 Introduction

-3.2 Weathering Effects

--chapter 3.2.1 Physical Weathering

--chapter 3.2.2 Chemical and Biological Weathering

--chapter 3.2.3 Weathering Products and Influencing Factors of the Weathering Process

-3.2 Weathering Effects--Homework

-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water

--chapter 3.3.1 Geologic Process of Temporary Torrents

--chapter 3.3.2.1 River Erosion Effects

--chapter 3.3.2.2 River Transport and Sedimentation Effects

-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water--Homework

-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds

--Chapter 3.4 Geological Effects of Winds

-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds--Homework

-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers

--Chapter 3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers

-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers--Homework

-3 Quiz Easy--Homework

-3 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

4 Minerals and Rocks

-4.1 Minerals

--Chapter 4.1.1 Minerals and Their Morphological Characteristics

--4.1.2 Minerals and Rocks-Mineral Characteristics-Physical and Mechanical Prop

--Chapter 4.1.3 Visual Identification of Common Minerals

-4.1 Minerals--Homework

-4.2 Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.1 Main Mineral Compositions of Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.2 Texture and Structure of Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.3 Common Classification and Identification Methods for Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.4 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅰ

--Chapter 4.2.5 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅱ

-4.2 Magmatic Rocks--Homework

-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.1 Material Compositions of Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.2 Texture and Structure of Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.3 Basic Characteristics of Common Sedimentary Rocks

-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks--Homework

-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks

--Chapter 4.4.1 Mineral Composition and their Texture andStructure

--Chapter 4.4.2 Basic Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks

-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks--Homework

-第4章 Quiz Easy--Homework

-第4章 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

5 The Geologic Times

-5 The Geologic Times

--Chapter 5 The Geologic Times

-5 Quiz--Homework

6 The Geological Structure

-6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure

--Chapter 6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure

-6.2 Fold Structure

--Chapter 6.2 Fold Structure

-6.3 Fault Structure

--Chapter 6.3.1 Joint

--Chapter 6.3.2 Characteristics and Types of Faults

--Chapter 6.3.3 Fault Identification in the Wild

-6 Quiz Easy--Homework

-6 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

7 Geological Maps

-7.1 ntroduction

--Chapter 7.1.1 Types of Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.1.2 Scale of Geological Maps

-7.2 Presentation of the Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.2.1 Formation Lithology

--Chapter 7.2.2 Geological Structure

--Chapter 7.2.3 Contact Relations Between Stratas

-7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps

-7 Quiz Easy--Homework

-7 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

8 Ground Water

-8.1 Basic Conceptuals

--Chapter 8.1 Basic Conceptuals

-8.1 Basic Conceptuals--Homework

-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water

--Chapter 8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water

-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water--Homework

-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water

--Chapter 8.3 Movements of the Ground Water

-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water--Homework

-8.4 Ground Water Quality

--Chapter 8.4 Ground Water Quality

-8.4 Ground Water Quality--Homework

-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology

--Chapter 8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology

-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geoligical Problem--Homework

-8 Quiz Easy--Homework

-8 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

9 Geological Engineering Attributes of Soils

-9.1 Soil Mass

--Chapter 9.1 Soil Mass

-9.1 Soil Mass--Homework

-9.2 Attributes of Soils

--Chapter 9.2.1 Physical Properties of Soil

--Chapter 9.2.2 Water-Physical Properties of Soil

--Chapter 9.2.3 Mechanical Properties of Soil

-9.2 Attributes of Soils--Homework

-9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils

--Chapter 9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils

-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.1 Soft Soil and Its Engimeering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.2 Loess and Its Engineering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.3 Expansive Soil adn Its Engineering Attributes

-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes--Homework

-9 Quiz Easy--Homework

-9 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

10 Geological Engineering Attributes of Rocks

-10.1 Introduction

--Chapter 10.1 Introduction

--10.1 Introduction--Homework

-10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks

--Chapter 10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks

--10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks--Homework

-10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks

--Chapter 10.3.1 Deformation Characteristics

--Chapter 10.3.2 Strength

--10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks--Homework

-10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass

--10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass--Homework

-10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane

--Chapter 10.5.1 Properties of Structural Plane

--Chapter 10.5.2 Mechanical Properties of Structural Plane

--10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane--Homework

-10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass

--10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass--Homework

-10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.7.1 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅰ

--Chapter 10.7.2 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅱ

--10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass--Homework

-10 Quiz Easy--Homework

-10 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

11 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

-11.1 Slope Deformation and Destruction

--Chapter 11.1.1 Slope Deformation

--Chapter 11.1.2 Slope Destruction

-11.1 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework

-11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes

--Chapter 11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes

-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

--Chapter 11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework

-11.4 Structural Analysis Method on Rocky Slope Stability

--Chapter 11.4.1 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅰ

--Chapter 11.4.2 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅱ

-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation

--Chapter 11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation

-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation--Homework

-11 Quiz Easy--Homework

-11 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

12 Geological Engineering Analysis on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks of Underg

-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution

--Chapter 12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution

-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution--Homework

-12.2 Deformation and Destruction of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.2.1 Brittle Adjacent Rock

--Chapter 12.2.2 Plastic Surrounding Rock and Surrounding Rock Stability Sign

-12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks

-12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks

-12 Quiz--Homework

13 Analysis on the Stability of the Rock Mass of the Ground Work

-13.1 Dam Foundation of the Water Conservancy Project

--Chapter 13.1.1 Dam Types and Requirements for Engineering Geological Conditions

--Chapter 13.1.2 Deformation Failure Mode and Stability Analysis

-13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions

--Chapter 13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions

-13 Quiz--Homework

14 Geological Engineering Analysis on the Reservoir Construction

-14.1 Reservoir Leakage

--Chapter 14.1 Reservoir Leakage

-14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank

--Chapter 14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank

-14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations

--Chapter 14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations

-14 Quiz--Homework

15 Methods and Technics of Engineering Geological Exploration

-15.1 Introduction

--Chapter 15.1 Introduction

-15.2 Engineering Geological Mapping

--Chapter 15.2.1 Research Content

--Chapter 15.2.2 Structural Plane Statistics

-15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments

--Chapter 15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments

-15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass

--Chapter 15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass

- Quiz--Homework

Chapter 8.1 Basic Conceptuals笔记与讨论

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