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Chapter 15.2.2 Structural Plane Statistics课程教案、知识点、字幕

同学们好 欢迎来到地质学与工程地质课程

我们知道自然界中的岩体中

分布了大量的结构面

它们的发育程度一方面对岩体的

工程地质性质起控制作用

另一方面也是区内地质构造分析的重要依据

对于四级结构面

它也是岩体结构研究的重点之一

由于这类结构面数量多 分布广

通常用统计的方法进行分析

常用的方法有节理玫瑰花图法

节理极点图以及节理等密度图

这节课我们就来学习它们的绘制方法

节理玫瑰花图

它包括走向玫瑰花图和倾向玫瑰花图两种

分别表示结构面走向和倾向的分布情况

这里我们以常用的走向玫瑰花为例

学习它的绘图方法

首先根据野外结构面量测资料进行整理

将节理走向换算成北东和北西方向

同时根据作图要求及地质情况

按一定的间隔进行分组

一般采用5度或10度作为一个间隔

并统计每组的节理数目

计算出每组节理的平均走向

然后确定绘图比例尺

也就是根据作图大小和各组节理的数目

选定一定长度的线段代表一条节理

以等于或稍大于按比例尺

所表示的数目最多的一组节理的线段长度

为半径作半圆

过圆心作南北线和东西线

在圆周上标明方位角

做好底图后 下一步就是找点连线

从第一组开始按各组平均走向方位角

及该组节理的数目定出相应点的位置

这个点也就代表了这组

节理的平均走向和节理数目

所有分组的点确定后

顺次将相邻组的点连接

如果其中某一组节理数为0

那么连线要回到圆心

然后再从圆心引出 与下一组相连

绘完后写上图名和比例尺

节理走向玫瑰花图就绘制完了

利用它我们是不是可以很容易的

看出节理走向分布最多的一个范围

也就是区内结构面的优势走向

前面我们学过结构面的赤平投影是一段圆弧

那么大家想一下

如果结构面组数很多的话

用这种方式绘制出来是不是很乱

而且也很难分析

那么我们再来考虑一下

空间一组平行的面

它们的法线是不是都是平行的

那么它们的投影呢

是不是也应该是相同的

这样的话我们是不是可以

将空间结构面的投影

转化为它的法线投影

也就是节理的极点

节点的极点图绘制时常用的投影网是赖特网

又叫极等面积投影网

它由一系列从圆心出发的放射线和同心圆构成

其中放射线它代表节理倾向方位角

指正北方向顺时针从0到360度

同心圆代表节理的倾角 自圆心到圆周为0到90度

利用预先制好的赖特网可以方便的

将结构面的极点绘制出来

并能定性的反映节理发育密集的优势方位

首先将已有的赖特网固定

并将透明纸覆盖在投影网上描出大圆

并标明方位

然后根据结构面的产状

将对应的极点标示出来

比如一个节理的产状为倾向20度 倾角70度

那么从正北开始顺时针数20度

也就是倾向

再从圆心到圆周数70度就是倾角

所对应的这个点就是节理的极点

如果产状相同的节理有多条

那么就在点旁边注明条数

将所有的节理的极点标示出来

就得到了所统计范围的节理极点图

根据图极点密度最大的地方

是不是也就代表了区内节理的优势产状

节理的等密度图呢

它是在节理极点图的基础上绘制的

首先将透明纸蒙在做好的极点图上

并在透明纸上画好投影网的圆周

也就是大圆以及方位

并以大圆的半径的十分之一为边长

平行于E-W和N-S线

画小正方形网格

然后用密度计来统计极点数

使用的工具有中心密度计

它是中间有一个小圆的四方形胶板

小圆半径等于大圆半径的十分之一

也就是跟所绘制的方格边长相等

还有边缘密度计

它是两端有两个小圆的长条形胶板

小圆半径也是大圆半径的十分之一

两个小圆圆心的连线的长度等于大圆直径

中间有一条纵向的窄缝

便于转动或来回移动

统计时先用中心密度计从左到右

从上到下每次移动一个小圆半径的距离

顺次统计完整的小圆内的节理数

也就是极点数

并标注在每一方格的小圆中心上

遍历完后 用边缘密度计统计圆周

附近残缺小圆内的节理数

将两端加起来

记在有十字中心的那个残缺小圆内

小圆圆心不能与十字中心重合时

可以沿窄缝稍做移动或转动

如果两小圆中心都在圆周上

那么在圆周的两个圆心上都标记相加的节理数

统计后大圆内每一个小方格十字中心上

都标有相应的节理数目

把数目相同的点连成曲线

也就得到了节理的等密度图

根据它可以方便的得到节理的优势方向

当然上面介绍都是采用手动的方法进行绘制

也是计算机普及之前常用的方法

当节理数量比较多时 这种方法

还是比较麻烦的

目前一般都是根据上面的做图原理

通过软件程序的方式来实现

有兴趣的同学呢

也可以自己编写程序来完成这部分的内容

好 这节课我们学习了

三种常用的结构面统计分析方法

在岩体结构研究中具有重要的意义

通过这节课的学习

同学们要掌握这三种方法的基本绘图原理

并力争能够通过自己编程的方法来实现

建议编程语言为Python语言

Geology and Engineering Geology课程列表:

0 Introduction

-0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment

--Chapter 0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment

-0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology

--Chapter 0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology

-0 Quiz--Homework

1 The Earth and the Crust

-1.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth

--Chapter 2.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth

-1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth

--Chapter 1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth

-1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes

--Chapter 1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes

-1 Quiz--Homework

2 Endogenic Geological Process

-2.1 Crustal Movement

--Chapter 2.1 Crustal Movement

-2.2 Magmatism

--Chapter 2.2 Magmatism

-2.3 Metamorphism

--Chapter 2.3 Metamorphism

-2.4 Earthquake

--Chapter 2.4 Earthquake

-2 Quiz--Homework

3 Exogenic Geological Process

-3.1 Introduction

--Chapter 3.1 Introduction

-3.2 Weathering Effects

--chapter 3.2.1 Physical Weathering

--chapter 3.2.2 Chemical and Biological Weathering

--chapter 3.2.3 Weathering Products and Influencing Factors of the Weathering Process

-3.2 Weathering Effects--Homework

-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water

--chapter 3.3.1 Geologic Process of Temporary Torrents

--chapter 3.3.2.1 River Erosion Effects

--chapter 3.3.2.2 River Transport and Sedimentation Effects

-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water--Homework

-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds

--Chapter 3.4 Geological Effects of Winds

-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds--Homework

-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers

--Chapter 3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers

-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers--Homework

-3 Quiz Easy--Homework

-3 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

4 Minerals and Rocks

-4.1 Minerals

--Chapter 4.1.1 Minerals and Their Morphological Characteristics

--4.1.2 Minerals and Rocks-Mineral Characteristics-Physical and Mechanical Prop

--Chapter 4.1.3 Visual Identification of Common Minerals

-4.1 Minerals--Homework

-4.2 Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.1 Main Mineral Compositions of Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.2 Texture and Structure of Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.3 Common Classification and Identification Methods for Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.4 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅰ

--Chapter 4.2.5 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅱ

-4.2 Magmatic Rocks--Homework

-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.1 Material Compositions of Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.2 Texture and Structure of Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.3 Basic Characteristics of Common Sedimentary Rocks

-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks--Homework

-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks

--Chapter 4.4.1 Mineral Composition and their Texture andStructure

--Chapter 4.4.2 Basic Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks

-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks--Homework

-第4章 Quiz Easy--Homework

-第4章 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

5 The Geologic Times

-5 The Geologic Times

--Chapter 5 The Geologic Times

-5 Quiz--Homework

6 The Geological Structure

-6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure

--Chapter 6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure

-6.2 Fold Structure

--Chapter 6.2 Fold Structure

-6.3 Fault Structure

--Chapter 6.3.1 Joint

--Chapter 6.3.2 Characteristics and Types of Faults

--Chapter 6.3.3 Fault Identification in the Wild

-6 Quiz Easy--Homework

-6 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

7 Geological Maps

-7.1 ntroduction

--Chapter 7.1.1 Types of Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.1.2 Scale of Geological Maps

-7.2 Presentation of the Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.2.1 Formation Lithology

--Chapter 7.2.2 Geological Structure

--Chapter 7.2.3 Contact Relations Between Stratas

-7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps

-7 Quiz Easy--Homework

-7 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

8 Ground Water

-8.1 Basic Conceptuals

--Chapter 8.1 Basic Conceptuals

-8.1 Basic Conceptuals--Homework

-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water

--Chapter 8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water

-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water--Homework

-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water

--Chapter 8.3 Movements of the Ground Water

-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water--Homework

-8.4 Ground Water Quality

--Chapter 8.4 Ground Water Quality

-8.4 Ground Water Quality--Homework

-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology

--Chapter 8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology

-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geoligical Problem--Homework

-8 Quiz Easy--Homework

-8 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

9 Geological Engineering Attributes of Soils

-9.1 Soil Mass

--Chapter 9.1 Soil Mass

-9.1 Soil Mass--Homework

-9.2 Attributes of Soils

--Chapter 9.2.1 Physical Properties of Soil

--Chapter 9.2.2 Water-Physical Properties of Soil

--Chapter 9.2.3 Mechanical Properties of Soil

-9.2 Attributes of Soils--Homework

-9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils

--Chapter 9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils

-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.1 Soft Soil and Its Engimeering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.2 Loess and Its Engineering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.3 Expansive Soil adn Its Engineering Attributes

-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes--Homework

-9 Quiz Easy--Homework

-9 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

10 Geological Engineering Attributes of Rocks

-10.1 Introduction

--Chapter 10.1 Introduction

--10.1 Introduction--Homework

-10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks

--Chapter 10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks

--10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks--Homework

-10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks

--Chapter 10.3.1 Deformation Characteristics

--Chapter 10.3.2 Strength

--10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks--Homework

-10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass

--10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass--Homework

-10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane

--Chapter 10.5.1 Properties of Structural Plane

--Chapter 10.5.2 Mechanical Properties of Structural Plane

--10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane--Homework

-10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass

--10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass--Homework

-10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.7.1 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅰ

--Chapter 10.7.2 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅱ

--10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass--Homework

-10 Quiz Easy--Homework

-10 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

11 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

-11.1 Slope Deformation and Destruction

--Chapter 11.1.1 Slope Deformation

--Chapter 11.1.2 Slope Destruction

-11.1 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework

-11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes

--Chapter 11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes

-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

--Chapter 11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework

-11.4 Structural Analysis Method on Rocky Slope Stability

--Chapter 11.4.1 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅰ

--Chapter 11.4.2 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅱ

-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation

--Chapter 11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation

-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation--Homework

-11 Quiz Easy--Homework

-11 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

12 Geological Engineering Analysis on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks of Underg

-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution

--Chapter 12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution

-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution--Homework

-12.2 Deformation and Destruction of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.2.1 Brittle Adjacent Rock

--Chapter 12.2.2 Plastic Surrounding Rock and Surrounding Rock Stability Sign

-12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks

-12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks

-12 Quiz--Homework

13 Analysis on the Stability of the Rock Mass of the Ground Work

-13.1 Dam Foundation of the Water Conservancy Project

--Chapter 13.1.1 Dam Types and Requirements for Engineering Geological Conditions

--Chapter 13.1.2 Deformation Failure Mode and Stability Analysis

-13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions

--Chapter 13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions

-13 Quiz--Homework

14 Geological Engineering Analysis on the Reservoir Construction

-14.1 Reservoir Leakage

--Chapter 14.1 Reservoir Leakage

-14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank

--Chapter 14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank

-14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations

--Chapter 14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations

-14 Quiz--Homework

15 Methods and Technics of Engineering Geological Exploration

-15.1 Introduction

--Chapter 15.1 Introduction

-15.2 Engineering Geological Mapping

--Chapter 15.2.1 Research Content

--Chapter 15.2.2 Structural Plane Statistics

-15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments

--Chapter 15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments

-15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass

--Chapter 15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass

- Quiz--Homework

Chapter 15.2.2 Structural Plane Statistics笔记与讨论

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