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Chapter 6.3.2 Characteristics and Types of Faults课程教案、知识点、字幕

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在构造应力的作用下

如果断裂面两侧的岩石

发生了明显的位移

那么就形成了断层

断层在地壳中发育极其的广泛

也是最重要的一种地质构造类型

断层的种类呢有很多种

规模也是大小不一

有的在岩石的手标本上

就可以看到

而有的可以达到上千公里

切割的深度呢

可以从地表到下地壳以上

比如我国东部的郯庐断裂带

那么其实在中国境内呢

它的延伸长度呢

达到2400多公里

规模较大的断层呢

通常构成了不同构造单元的边界

从而控制了区域的构造演化

及成矿作用

而活断层呢

会直接影响到水电站

隧道等工程的稳定性

所以研究断层的分布及特征

对于人类工程建设具有重要的

理论和实际工程意义

这节课呢我们就来学习

断层的要素和类型

为了便于准确的描述

断层的形态特点

在地质中通常引入了

断层的几何要素来表征

主要有断层面

也就是断层发生错动的破裂面

它是一种空间的面状构造

它的产状呢与岩层产状相类似

通常用走向、倾向及倾角来表示

大的断层呢

往往不止是一个简单的面

而是有一系列的破裂面

或者是次级的断层

构成的一个带也就是断层带

或者是断裂带

断层带中通常会夹有受断层错动

而搓碎的岩块或断层岩

所以叫做断层破碎带

一般的来说断层规模越大

断层带就越宽

有的断层带呢可以达到上百米

断层面与地面的交线

或者断层在地面出入的线

称为断层线

它反映了断层在地表的延伸方向

它可以是直线也可以是曲线

断层面两侧相对滑动的块体呢

称为断盘

如果断层面是倾斜的

那么位于断层面上方的一盘

称为上盘

下方的一盘称为下盘

如果断层面是直立的

那么没有上盘和下盘之分

但是呢

可以相对于

断层走向的方位来表示

比如这个呢

就是这个断层带东盘

另外根据两盘相对运动方向

向上运动的一盘称为上升盘

而相对下降的一盘呢

称为下降盘

断层两盘在运动过程中

相对错动的距离称为断距

那么岩层原来相连的两个点

沿着断层面错开的距离

成为总断距

又可以分为水平断距

和铅直断距两种

断层的分类方法有很多

但最常用的是按照形态分类

也就是按照断层两盘的

相对运动性质来进行分类

可以分为正断层、逆断层

和平移断层三种类型

正断层呢

它的基本性质是上盘相对下降

而下盘相对上升

正断层呢倾角呢一般比较陡

大部分在50度以上

而近几年来研究发现

一些大型的正断层

它的断层面呢向下逐渐的变缓

整体呈勺状

在野外经常会见到多个

正断层排列组合在一起

形成这种阶梯状的断层

也就是多条产状一致的

正断层组成

各条断层它的上盘呢

依次向同一个方向

错开向下运动

在剖面上呈现这种阶梯状

还有这种地堑

也就是两组走向基本一致的

但是倾向相对的正断层组成

那么两组正断层之间的

共同部分呢

为下降盘

还有地垒

两组走向基本一致的

但是倾向向背的正断层构成

两组正断层之间呢

为共同的上升盘

比如华山

它就是由地理形成的

一个典型的断环山

逆断层呢

它的基本特征是

上盘相对上升

而下盘呢相对下降

它一般是受水平挤压

沿着破裂面而发育形成的

所以常常与褶皱同时伴生

断层带呢

常常会有大量的角砾

或者是岩粉

根据逆断层的倾角

又可以分为冲断层

也就是说断层的倾角

大于45度的高角度的逆断层

逆掩断层

也就是断层面的倾角

一般在45度到25度的范围内

往往是由倒转的褶皱

发展而形成的

它的走向呢

与褶皱的轴向大致平行

逆掩断层的规模一般都比较大

还有这种碾掩断层

它主要是倾角小于25度的逆断层

常常为区域性的局域形的断层

断层一盘地层比较老

沿着平缓的断层面

推伏到另一盘交心的

岩层之上

断层距呢

通常可以达到数公里

还有这种叠瓦式断层

它是由一系列的产状近似的

低角度逆断层构成

岩层呢依次向上逆冲

叠瓦式构造呢

通常表现为前陡后缓

那么各条断层呢

向下逐渐变化

并汇拢到一条主断层

比如2008年汶川地震的

发生断裂就是龙门山

中央断裂它与前山和后山断裂一起

就是一个典型的叠瓦式断层

平移断层它是断层两盘

产生相对的水平位移

平移断层的倾角呢

一般都比较陡

甚至直立

规模较大的平移断层呢

又叫做走滑断层

我们站在断层的一盘

观察对盘的相对运动方向

如果说对盘相对向左滑动

那我们叫它左行

或者是左旋平移断层

如果是对盘呢

相对向右滑动

那么就成为右行

或者是右旋平移断层

比如这个美国加州的

圣阿德列斯断裂

它就是一个右旋平移断层

好 这节课我们学习了

断层的要素和类型

通过这节课的学习

同学们要掌握断层的要素

及常见的断层形态类型

Geology and Engineering Geology课程列表:

0 Introduction

-0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment

--Chapter 0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment

-0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology

--Chapter 0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology

-0 Quiz--Homework

1 The Earth and the Crust

-1.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth

--Chapter 2.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth

-1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth

--Chapter 1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth

-1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes

--Chapter 1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes

-1 Quiz--Homework

2 Endogenic Geological Process

-2.1 Crustal Movement

--Chapter 2.1 Crustal Movement

-2.2 Magmatism

--Chapter 2.2 Magmatism

-2.3 Metamorphism

--Chapter 2.3 Metamorphism

-2.4 Earthquake

--Chapter 2.4 Earthquake

-2 Quiz--Homework

3 Exogenic Geological Process

-3.1 Introduction

--Chapter 3.1 Introduction

-3.2 Weathering Effects

--chapter 3.2.1 Physical Weathering

--chapter 3.2.2 Chemical and Biological Weathering

--chapter 3.2.3 Weathering Products and Influencing Factors of the Weathering Process

-3.2 Weathering Effects--Homework

-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water

--chapter 3.3.1 Geologic Process of Temporary Torrents

--chapter 3.3.2.1 River Erosion Effects

--chapter 3.3.2.2 River Transport and Sedimentation Effects

-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water--Homework

-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds

--Chapter 3.4 Geological Effects of Winds

-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds--Homework

-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers

--Chapter 3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers

-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers--Homework

-3 Quiz Easy--Homework

-3 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

4 Minerals and Rocks

-4.1 Minerals

--Chapter 4.1.1 Minerals and Their Morphological Characteristics

--4.1.2 Minerals and Rocks-Mineral Characteristics-Physical and Mechanical Prop

--Chapter 4.1.3 Visual Identification of Common Minerals

-4.1 Minerals--Homework

-4.2 Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.1 Main Mineral Compositions of Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.2 Texture and Structure of Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.3 Common Classification and Identification Methods for Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.4 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅰ

--Chapter 4.2.5 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅱ

-4.2 Magmatic Rocks--Homework

-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.1 Material Compositions of Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.2 Texture and Structure of Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.3 Basic Characteristics of Common Sedimentary Rocks

-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks--Homework

-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks

--Chapter 4.4.1 Mineral Composition and their Texture andStructure

--Chapter 4.4.2 Basic Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks

-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks--Homework

-第4章 Quiz Easy--Homework

-第4章 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

5 The Geologic Times

-5 The Geologic Times

--Chapter 5 The Geologic Times

-5 Quiz--Homework

6 The Geological Structure

-6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure

--Chapter 6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure

-6.2 Fold Structure

--Chapter 6.2 Fold Structure

-6.3 Fault Structure

--Chapter 6.3.1 Joint

--Chapter 6.3.2 Characteristics and Types of Faults

--Chapter 6.3.3 Fault Identification in the Wild

-6 Quiz Easy--Homework

-6 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

7 Geological Maps

-7.1 ntroduction

--Chapter 7.1.1 Types of Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.1.2 Scale of Geological Maps

-7.2 Presentation of the Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.2.1 Formation Lithology

--Chapter 7.2.2 Geological Structure

--Chapter 7.2.3 Contact Relations Between Stratas

-7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps

-7 Quiz Easy--Homework

-7 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

8 Ground Water

-8.1 Basic Conceptuals

--Chapter 8.1 Basic Conceptuals

-8.1 Basic Conceptuals--Homework

-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water

--Chapter 8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water

-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water--Homework

-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water

--Chapter 8.3 Movements of the Ground Water

-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water--Homework

-8.4 Ground Water Quality

--Chapter 8.4 Ground Water Quality

-8.4 Ground Water Quality--Homework

-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology

--Chapter 8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology

-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geoligical Problem--Homework

-8 Quiz Easy--Homework

-8 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

9 Geological Engineering Attributes of Soils

-9.1 Soil Mass

--Chapter 9.1 Soil Mass

-9.1 Soil Mass--Homework

-9.2 Attributes of Soils

--Chapter 9.2.1 Physical Properties of Soil

--Chapter 9.2.2 Water-Physical Properties of Soil

--Chapter 9.2.3 Mechanical Properties of Soil

-9.2 Attributes of Soils--Homework

-9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils

--Chapter 9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils

-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.1 Soft Soil and Its Engimeering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.2 Loess and Its Engineering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.3 Expansive Soil adn Its Engineering Attributes

-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes--Homework

-9 Quiz Easy--Homework

-9 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

10 Geological Engineering Attributes of Rocks

-10.1 Introduction

--Chapter 10.1 Introduction

--10.1 Introduction--Homework

-10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks

--Chapter 10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks

--10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks--Homework

-10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks

--Chapter 10.3.1 Deformation Characteristics

--Chapter 10.3.2 Strength

--10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks--Homework

-10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass

--10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass--Homework

-10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane

--Chapter 10.5.1 Properties of Structural Plane

--Chapter 10.5.2 Mechanical Properties of Structural Plane

--10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane--Homework

-10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass

--10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass--Homework

-10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.7.1 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅰ

--Chapter 10.7.2 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅱ

--10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass--Homework

-10 Quiz Easy--Homework

-10 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

11 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

-11.1 Slope Deformation and Destruction

--Chapter 11.1.1 Slope Deformation

--Chapter 11.1.2 Slope Destruction

-11.1 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework

-11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes

--Chapter 11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes

-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

--Chapter 11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework

-11.4 Structural Analysis Method on Rocky Slope Stability

--Chapter 11.4.1 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅰ

--Chapter 11.4.2 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅱ

-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation

--Chapter 11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation

-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation--Homework

-11 Quiz Easy--Homework

-11 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

12 Geological Engineering Analysis on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks of Underg

-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution

--Chapter 12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution

-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution--Homework

-12.2 Deformation and Destruction of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.2.1 Brittle Adjacent Rock

--Chapter 12.2.2 Plastic Surrounding Rock and Surrounding Rock Stability Sign

-12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks

-12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks

-12 Quiz--Homework

13 Analysis on the Stability of the Rock Mass of the Ground Work

-13.1 Dam Foundation of the Water Conservancy Project

--Chapter 13.1.1 Dam Types and Requirements for Engineering Geological Conditions

--Chapter 13.1.2 Deformation Failure Mode and Stability Analysis

-13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions

--Chapter 13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions

-13 Quiz--Homework

14 Geological Engineering Analysis on the Reservoir Construction

-14.1 Reservoir Leakage

--Chapter 14.1 Reservoir Leakage

-14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank

--Chapter 14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank

-14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations

--Chapter 14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations

-14 Quiz--Homework

15 Methods and Technics of Engineering Geological Exploration

-15.1 Introduction

--Chapter 15.1 Introduction

-15.2 Engineering Geological Mapping

--Chapter 15.2.1 Research Content

--Chapter 15.2.2 Structural Plane Statistics

-15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments

--Chapter 15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments

-15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass

--Chapter 15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass

- Quiz--Homework

Chapter 6.3.2 Characteristics and Types of Faults笔记与讨论

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