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工程中遇到的塑性围岩
主要包括各种软弱的层状结构岩体
比如页岩 泥岩和散体结构的岩体
这类围岩的变形与破坏
主要是在应力重分布
和水分重分布的作用下发生的
通常的破坏方式有塑性挤出
膨胀内鼓 塑流涌出和重力坍塌等类型
塑性挤出 它是洞室开挖后
当围岩应力超过塑性围岩的屈服强度时
软弱的塑性物质沿着最大应力梯度方向
向自由空间挤出的一种现象
一般情况下 易于被挤出的岩体有固结较差的泥岩
富含泥质组分的沉积岩
变质岩中的挤压剪切破碎带
岩浆岩中富含泥质云母矿物的破碎带
以及富含泥质组分的风化破碎夹层
特别是当这些岩体中富含水分
并处于塑性或半塑性状态时
更容易发生挤出破坏
洞室开挖后 围岩表部减压区的形成
往往促使着水分从内部高应力区向围岩表部转移
并通常会引起某些易于吸水膨胀的
岩层发生强烈的膨胀内鼓变形
这种变形主要是由于围岩内水分重分布而引起的
遇水易膨胀的岩石主要有两大类
一类是富含粘土矿物
尤其是蒙脱石的塑性岩石
比如泥质岩 粘土岩 膨胀性粘土等等
这类岩石浸水后有的体积增加可达到10%以上
通常会给地下洞室的施工及运营造成很大的危害
比如据挪威对水工隧道的调查结果
发现70%的隧道衬砌
它的开裂和破坏与围岩膨胀内鼓有关
另外一类是含硬石膏的地层
硬石膏遇水后会发生水化
而转化为石膏 从而发生体积的膨胀
当开挖揭穿了饱水的断层带内松散破碎物质时
这些物质与水在压力作用下
呈夹有大量碎屑物的泥浆突然涌入洞室
也就是发生塑流涌出
涌出的物质有时甚至会堵塞坑道
给施工造成很大的困难
这个是甘肃省乌鞘岭隧道
施工过程中发生的塑流涌出破坏
重力坍塌它是破碎松散的岩体
在重力作用下发生的塌方现象
掌握了这些围岩常见的
变形破坏方式及发生机理
我们是不是可以根据工程中
遇到的围岩的工程地质性质
对围岩的稳定性进行定性的地质判别
一般的来讲 对于不稳定的围岩类型
通常有破碎 松散 软弱的塑性岩体
碎裂结构岩体或半坚硬薄层状结构岩体
以及坚硬块状或厚层状岩体中
如果发育有能够形成不稳定结构体的一些地段
而对于稳定的围岩类型通常表现有新鲜完整
裂隙不发育的坚硬 半坚硬岩体
以及新鲜完整 裂隙虽然发育
但连续性差 嵌合紧
不构成不稳定结构体的地段
好 这节课我们学习了
在塑性岩体中开发地下洞室时
围岩的变形破坏方式
及围岩稳定性的地质标志
通过这节课的学习
同学们要掌握塑性围岩中常见的
变形破坏方式 发生机理
从而为分析和评价洞室围岩稳定性奠定基础
-0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment
--Chapter 0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment
-0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology
--Chapter 0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology
-0 Quiz--Homework
-1.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth
--Chapter 2.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth
-1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth
--Chapter 1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth
-1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes
--Chapter 1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes
-1 Quiz--Homework
-2.1 Crustal Movement
--Chapter 2.1 Crustal Movement
-2.2 Magmatism
-2.3 Metamorphism
-2.4 Earthquake
-2 Quiz--Homework
-3.1 Introduction
-3.2 Weathering Effects
--chapter 3.2.1 Physical Weathering
--chapter 3.2.2 Chemical and Biological Weathering
--chapter 3.2.3 Weathering Products and Influencing Factors of the Weathering Process
-3.2 Weathering Effects--Homework
-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water
--chapter 3.3.1 Geologic Process of Temporary Torrents
--chapter 3.3.2.1 River Erosion Effects
--chapter 3.3.2.2 River Transport and Sedimentation Effects
-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water--Homework
-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds
--Chapter 3.4 Geological Effects of Winds
-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds--Homework
-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers
--Chapter 3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers
-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers--Homework
-3 Quiz Easy--Homework
-3 Quiz Enhanced--Homework
-4.1 Minerals
--Chapter 4.1.1 Minerals and Their Morphological Characteristics
--4.1.2 Minerals and Rocks-Mineral Characteristics-Physical and Mechanical Prop
--Chapter 4.1.3 Visual Identification of Common Minerals
-4.1 Minerals--Homework
-4.2 Magmatic Rocks
--Chapter 4.2.1 Main Mineral Compositions of Magmatic Rocks
--Chapter 4.2.2 Texture and Structure of Magmatic Rocks
--Chapter 4.2.3 Common Classification and Identification Methods for Magmatic Rocks
--Chapter 4.2.4 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅰ
--Chapter 4.2.5 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅱ
-4.2 Magmatic Rocks--Homework
-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks
--Chapter 4.3.1 Material Compositions of Sedimentary Rocks
--Chapter 4.3.2 Texture and Structure of Sedimentary Rocks
--Chapter 4.3.3 Basic Characteristics of Common Sedimentary Rocks
-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks--Homework
-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks
--Chapter 4.4.1 Mineral Composition and their Texture andStructure
--Chapter 4.4.2 Basic Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks
-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks--Homework
-第4章 Quiz Easy--Homework
-第4章 Quiz Enhanced--Homework
-5 The Geologic Times
--Chapter 5 The Geologic Times
-5 Quiz--Homework
-6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure
--Chapter 6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure
-6.2 Fold Structure
-6.3 Fault Structure
--Chapter 6.3.2 Characteristics and Types of Faults
--Chapter 6.3.3 Fault Identification in the Wild
-6 Quiz Easy--Homework
-6 Quiz Enhanced--Homework
-7.1 ntroduction
--Chapter 7.1.1 Types of Geological Maps
--Chapter 7.1.2 Scale of Geological Maps
-7.2 Presentation of the Geological Maps
--Chapter 7.2.1 Formation Lithology
--Chapter 7.2.2 Geological Structure
--Chapter 7.2.3 Contact Relations Between Stratas
-7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps
--Chapter 7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps
-7 Quiz Easy--Homework
-7 Quiz Enhanced--Homework
-8.1 Basic Conceptuals
--Chapter 8.1 Basic Conceptuals
-8.1 Basic Conceptuals--Homework
-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water
--Chapter 8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water
-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water--Homework
-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water
--Chapter 8.3 Movements of the Ground Water
-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water--Homework
-8.4 Ground Water Quality
--Chapter 8.4 Ground Water Quality
-8.4 Ground Water Quality--Homework
-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology
--Chapter 8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology
-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geoligical Problem--Homework
-8 Quiz Easy--Homework
-8 Quiz Enhanced--Homework
-9.1 Soil Mass
-9.1 Soil Mass--Homework
-9.2 Attributes of Soils
--Chapter 9.2.1 Physical Properties of Soil
--Chapter 9.2.2 Water-Physical Properties of Soil
--Chapter 9.2.3 Mechanical Properties of Soil
-9.2 Attributes of Soils--Homework
-9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils
--Chapter 9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils
-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes
--Chapter 9.4.1 Soft Soil and Its Engimeering Attributes
--Chapter 9.4.2 Loess and Its Engineering Attributes
--Chapter 9.4.3 Expansive Soil adn Its Engineering Attributes
-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes--Homework
-9 Quiz Easy--Homework
-9 Quiz Enhanced--Homework
-10.1 Introduction
--10.1 Introduction--Homework
-10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks
--Chapter 10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks
--10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks--Homework
-10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks
--Chapter 10.3.1 Deformation Characteristics
--10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks--Homework
-10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass
--Chapter 10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass
--10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass--Homework
-10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane
--Chapter 10.5.1 Properties of Structural Plane
--Chapter 10.5.2 Mechanical Properties of Structural Plane
--10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane--Homework
-10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass
--Chapter 10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass
--10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass--Homework
-10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass
--Chapter 10.7.1 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅰ
--Chapter 10.7.2 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅱ
--10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass--Homework
-10 Quiz Easy--Homework
-10 Quiz Enhanced--Homework
-11.1 Slope Deformation and Destruction
--Chapter 11.1.1 Slope Deformation
--Chapter 11.1.2 Slope Destruction
-11.1 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework
-11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes
--Chapter 11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes
-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes
--Chapter 11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes
-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework
-11.4 Structural Analysis Method on Rocky Slope Stability
--Chapter 11.4.1 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅰ
--Chapter 11.4.2 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅱ
-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation
--Chapter 11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation
-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation--Homework
-11 Quiz Easy--Homework
-11 Quiz Enhanced--Homework
-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution
--Chapter 12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution
-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution--Homework
-12.2 Deformation and Destruction of the Adjacent Rocks
--Chapter 12.2.1 Brittle Adjacent Rock
--Chapter 12.2.2 Plastic Surrounding Rock and Surrounding Rock Stability Sign
-12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks
--Chapter 12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks
-12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks
--Chapter 12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks
-12 Quiz--Homework
-13.1 Dam Foundation of the Water Conservancy Project
--Chapter 13.1.1 Dam Types and Requirements for Engineering Geological Conditions
--Chapter 13.1.2 Deformation Failure Mode and Stability Analysis
-13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions
--Chapter 13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions
-13 Quiz--Homework
-14.1 Reservoir Leakage
--Chapter 14.1 Reservoir Leakage
-14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank
--Chapter 14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank
-14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations
--Chapter 14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations
-14 Quiz--Homework
-15.1 Introduction
-15.2 Engineering Geological Mapping
--Chapter 15.2.1 Research Content
--Chapter 15.2.2 Structural Plane Statistics
-15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments
--Chapter 15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments
-15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass
--Chapter 15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass
- Quiz--Homework
