当前课程知识点:Geology and Engineering Geology > 15 Methods and Technics of Engineering Geological Exploration > 15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass > Chapter 15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass
返回《Geology and Engineering Geology》慕课在线视频课程列表
返回《Geology and Engineering Geology》慕课在线视频列表
同学们好 欢迎来到地质学与工程地质课程
地质罗盘 它是进行野外地质工作
必不可少的一种工具
借助它可以定出方向
观察点所在的方位
测出任何一个观察面的空间方位
比如岩层的层面
褶皱轴面 断层面 节理面等
以及测定岩浆岩的各种构造要素
和矿体的产状等等
这节课我们就来学习地质罗盘的使用方法
先来看一下地质罗盘的结构
地质罗盘的样式有很多
但是结构基本是一致的
我们常用的是圆盆式的地质罗盘
它有磁针 刻度盘 测斜仪 瞄准觇板 水准器
等几个部分安装在一个铜或铝制的圆盆内形成的
磁针一般为中间宽
两边尖的菱形钢针
可自由转动 在进行测量时
放松固定按纽
或者是螺丝 使磁针自由摆动
最后静止时磁针的指向
就是磁针子午线的方向
由于我国位于北半球
磁针两端所受的磁力不相等
使磁针失去了平衡
为了使磁针保持水平
常在磁针的南端绕上几圈铜丝
同时也便于区分磁针的南北两极
水平刻度盘 用于直接测定地面
两点间直线的磁方位角
它的刻度为从0开始
按反时针方向 每10度一格
连续的到360度
0度和180度分别为N和S
也就是北和南
90度和270度分别为E和W
也就是东和西
罗盘中东 西两个位置的标记对调
与实际相反 这是为了便于测量
能够直接的读得所求的数
竖直刻度盘 也就是位于下圈的刻度盘
用于读取倾角和坡角的度数
以E或W位置为0
以S和N为90度
每隔10度标记相应的数字
悬锥它是测斜器的重要组成部分
悬挂在磁针的轴下方
通过底盘处的扳手
可以使悬锥转动
悬锥中央的尖端所指示的刻度
也就是测得的倾角或坡角的度数
水准器 通常有两个
分别装在圆形的玻璃中
圆形水准器固定在底盘上
而长形水准器固定在测斜器上
瞄准器 包括接物和接目觇板
反光镜中间有一条细线
下部有一个透明的小孔
使眼睛 细线和目标物三者成一条直线
用于瞄准被测物体
在使用地质罗盘前
必须要进行磁偏角的校正
由于地磁的南北两极与地理上的
南北两极的位置不完全相同
也就是磁子午线与地理子午线不相符
导致地球上任意一点的磁北方向
和该点的正北方向不一致
这两个方向间的夹角就是磁偏角
地球上某点的磁针北端
如果偏于正北方向的东边叫做东偏
如果偏于西边称为西偏
东偏为+ 西偏为-
这样我们就可以对磁偏角进行校正
校正时旋动罗盘的刻度旋钮
使水平刻度盘向左或向右转动
东偏向右转 西偏向左转
使罗盘底盘南北刻度线与水平刻度盘
0-180度的夹角等于磁偏角
经校正后测量时的读数就是真方位角
下面我们学习如何使用罗盘
进行定向及岩体结构面产状要素
也就是走向 倾向和倾角的量测
首先测量标志物所在点的方位
也就是定向 手持罗盘到腰部
打开罗盘 放松制动螺丝
并将瞄准觇板大致对准标志物
在保持罗盘水平的情况下
活动反光镜
让标志物影像出现在反光镜中
上下活动瞄准觇板
将它出现在反光镜中
移动罗盘使标志物
觇板和中心线位于一条直线
同时使圆形水准器它的气泡居中
这时指北针所指的读数
就是为所测目标物的方位角
如果要测自己所在点位于标志物的方位
那么只需要读南针就行了
岩层的走向是岩层的层面
与水平面交线的方向
其实也就是岩层任意高度上
水平线的延伸方向
测量时将罗盘长边与岩层面贴紧
然后转动罗盘
使底盘水准器的水泡居中
读出指针所指的刻度
也就是岩层的走向
由于走向代表一条直线的方向
它可以向两边延伸
所以指南针和指北针所指的读数
都是岩层的走向 相差180度。
岩层倾向是岩层向下
最大倾斜方向线在水平面上的投影
并与岩层走向垂直
测量时将罗盘北端和对物觇板指向倾斜方向
罗盘南端紧靠着岩层面
并转动罗盘
使底盘水准器水泡居中
那么指北针所指的刻度就是岩层的倾向
如果在岩层顶面上进行测量较困难时
也可以在岩层的底面上进行测量
这时将罗盘的南端靠着岩层的底面
此时指南针所指的刻度就是岩层的倾向
岩层的倾角呢
是岩层面与水平面上的最大夹角
或者是说岩层层面上的
真倾斜线与水平面的夹角
野外分辨岩层的真倾斜方向非常的重要
可以用近似圆形的小石子
使它在层面上自由滚动
或者是滴水
使它在层面上自由流动
那么滚动或流动的方向
就是岩层面的真倾斜方向
测量时将罗盘直立
并用长边靠着岩层的真倾斜线
沿着岩层面左右移动罗盘
用中指扳动罗盘底部的活动扳手
使测斜水准器水泡居中
读出圆锥中间所指的最大读数
这时就是岩层的真倾角
另外测量岩层面的产状时
如果层面凹凸不平
这时可以将记录本放在岩层面上
当做层面以便进行量测
好 这节课我们学习了
地理罗盘的结构及使用方法
这也是野外岩体结构面量测时的重要内容
通过这节课的学习
同学们要掌握地质罗盘的使用方法
学会使用地质罗盘
来测量岩体的结构面产状要素
-0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment
--Chapter 0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment
-0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology
--Chapter 0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology
-0 Quiz--Homework
-1.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth
--Chapter 2.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth
-1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth
--Chapter 1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth
-1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes
--Chapter 1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes
-1 Quiz--Homework
-2.1 Crustal Movement
--Chapter 2.1 Crustal Movement
-2.2 Magmatism
-2.3 Metamorphism
-2.4 Earthquake
-2 Quiz--Homework
-3.1 Introduction
-3.2 Weathering Effects
--chapter 3.2.1 Physical Weathering
--chapter 3.2.2 Chemical and Biological Weathering
--chapter 3.2.3 Weathering Products and Influencing Factors of the Weathering Process
-3.2 Weathering Effects--Homework
-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water
--chapter 3.3.1 Geologic Process of Temporary Torrents
--chapter 3.3.2.1 River Erosion Effects
--chapter 3.3.2.2 River Transport and Sedimentation Effects
-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water--Homework
-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds
--Chapter 3.4 Geological Effects of Winds
-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds--Homework
-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers
--Chapter 3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers
-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers--Homework
-3 Quiz Easy--Homework
-3 Quiz Enhanced--Homework
-4.1 Minerals
--Chapter 4.1.1 Minerals and Their Morphological Characteristics
--4.1.2 Minerals and Rocks-Mineral Characteristics-Physical and Mechanical Prop
--Chapter 4.1.3 Visual Identification of Common Minerals
-4.1 Minerals--Homework
-4.2 Magmatic Rocks
--Chapter 4.2.1 Main Mineral Compositions of Magmatic Rocks
--Chapter 4.2.2 Texture and Structure of Magmatic Rocks
--Chapter 4.2.3 Common Classification and Identification Methods for Magmatic Rocks
--Chapter 4.2.4 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅰ
--Chapter 4.2.5 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅱ
-4.2 Magmatic Rocks--Homework
-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks
--Chapter 4.3.1 Material Compositions of Sedimentary Rocks
--Chapter 4.3.2 Texture and Structure of Sedimentary Rocks
--Chapter 4.3.3 Basic Characteristics of Common Sedimentary Rocks
-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks--Homework
-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks
--Chapter 4.4.1 Mineral Composition and their Texture andStructure
--Chapter 4.4.2 Basic Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks
-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks--Homework
-第4章 Quiz Easy--Homework
-第4章 Quiz Enhanced--Homework
-5 The Geologic Times
--Chapter 5 The Geologic Times
-5 Quiz--Homework
-6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure
--Chapter 6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure
-6.2 Fold Structure
-6.3 Fault Structure
--Chapter 6.3.2 Characteristics and Types of Faults
--Chapter 6.3.3 Fault Identification in the Wild
-6 Quiz Easy--Homework
-6 Quiz Enhanced--Homework
-7.1 ntroduction
--Chapter 7.1.1 Types of Geological Maps
--Chapter 7.1.2 Scale of Geological Maps
-7.2 Presentation of the Geological Maps
--Chapter 7.2.1 Formation Lithology
--Chapter 7.2.2 Geological Structure
--Chapter 7.2.3 Contact Relations Between Stratas
-7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps
--Chapter 7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps
-7 Quiz Easy--Homework
-7 Quiz Enhanced--Homework
-8.1 Basic Conceptuals
--Chapter 8.1 Basic Conceptuals
-8.1 Basic Conceptuals--Homework
-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water
--Chapter 8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water
-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water--Homework
-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water
--Chapter 8.3 Movements of the Ground Water
-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water--Homework
-8.4 Ground Water Quality
--Chapter 8.4 Ground Water Quality
-8.4 Ground Water Quality--Homework
-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology
--Chapter 8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology
-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geoligical Problem--Homework
-8 Quiz Easy--Homework
-8 Quiz Enhanced--Homework
-9.1 Soil Mass
-9.1 Soil Mass--Homework
-9.2 Attributes of Soils
--Chapter 9.2.1 Physical Properties of Soil
--Chapter 9.2.2 Water-Physical Properties of Soil
--Chapter 9.2.3 Mechanical Properties of Soil
-9.2 Attributes of Soils--Homework
-9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils
--Chapter 9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils
-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes
--Chapter 9.4.1 Soft Soil and Its Engimeering Attributes
--Chapter 9.4.2 Loess and Its Engineering Attributes
--Chapter 9.4.3 Expansive Soil adn Its Engineering Attributes
-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes--Homework
-9 Quiz Easy--Homework
-9 Quiz Enhanced--Homework
-10.1 Introduction
--10.1 Introduction--Homework
-10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks
--Chapter 10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks
--10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks--Homework
-10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks
--Chapter 10.3.1 Deformation Characteristics
--10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks--Homework
-10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass
--Chapter 10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass
--10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass--Homework
-10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane
--Chapter 10.5.1 Properties of Structural Plane
--Chapter 10.5.2 Mechanical Properties of Structural Plane
--10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane--Homework
-10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass
--Chapter 10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass
--10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass--Homework
-10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass
--Chapter 10.7.1 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅰ
--Chapter 10.7.2 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅱ
--10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass--Homework
-10 Quiz Easy--Homework
-10 Quiz Enhanced--Homework
-11.1 Slope Deformation and Destruction
--Chapter 11.1.1 Slope Deformation
--Chapter 11.1.2 Slope Destruction
-11.1 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework
-11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes
--Chapter 11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes
-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes
--Chapter 11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes
-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework
-11.4 Structural Analysis Method on Rocky Slope Stability
--Chapter 11.4.1 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅰ
--Chapter 11.4.2 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅱ
-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation
--Chapter 11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation
-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation--Homework
-11 Quiz Easy--Homework
-11 Quiz Enhanced--Homework
-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution
--Chapter 12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution
-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution--Homework
-12.2 Deformation and Destruction of the Adjacent Rocks
--Chapter 12.2.1 Brittle Adjacent Rock
--Chapter 12.2.2 Plastic Surrounding Rock and Surrounding Rock Stability Sign
-12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks
--Chapter 12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks
-12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks
--Chapter 12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks
-12 Quiz--Homework
-13.1 Dam Foundation of the Water Conservancy Project
--Chapter 13.1.1 Dam Types and Requirements for Engineering Geological Conditions
--Chapter 13.1.2 Deformation Failure Mode and Stability Analysis
-13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions
--Chapter 13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions
-13 Quiz--Homework
-14.1 Reservoir Leakage
--Chapter 14.1 Reservoir Leakage
-14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank
--Chapter 14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank
-14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations
--Chapter 14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations
-14 Quiz--Homework
-15.1 Introduction
-15.2 Engineering Geological Mapping
--Chapter 15.2.1 Research Content
--Chapter 15.2.2 Structural Plane Statistics
-15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments
--Chapter 15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments
-15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass
--Chapter 15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass
- Quiz--Homework