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Chapter 4.2.4 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅰ课程教案、知识点、字幕

同学们好 欢迎来到地质学与工程地质课程

根据前面学习的岩浆岩的种类及鉴定方法

下面呢我们来针对自然界及工程中常见的

这12种岩浆岩为例来认识它们的基本特征

和野外鉴定方法 最左边的一列呢为酸性岩

中间两列为中性岩 最右边一列呢为基性岩

从标本的颜色上来看 从左向右

是不是呈现一种颜色逐渐加深

或者是变暗的一种趋势啊

表明岩石中哪类矿物的含量在增加啊

是不是暗色矿物啊

每一列呢 从下到上分别为深成岩

浅成岩和喷出岩 好

这节课呢我们先来学习左边这两类岩浆岩

花岗岩它属于酸性深成侵入岩体

也是地球上分布最广的一类侵入岩体

新鲜的花岗岩呢一般呈现这种肉红色

风化后呢 断面的颜色有时候会呈现黄色

花岗岩的主要矿物成分是长石

也就呈现肉红色的 可以看到正长石一组明显的

具有玻璃光泽的解理面 钢刀刻划的难度比较大

前面我们讲过正长石呢具有两组解理面

那么同学们思考一下 为什么我们在花岗岩中

只能看到一组明显的解理面呢

那么这个题作为课后思考题

另外一种矿物 也就是断口呈现油脂状光泽

呈现灰色或者是白色 钢刀呢划不动

应该是哪种矿物啊 是不是石英啊

另外呢花岗岩中有时候会含有少量的

这种黑云母和角闪石

花岗岩呢在形成过程中它的结晶程度呢

通常比较好 质地也比较坚硬而且均一

单轴抗压强度可以达到120到200兆帕

通常可以作为良好的建筑物地基和天然建筑材料

比如我国的三峡大坝 它就是坐落在一个

巨大的花岗岩岩基之上

但是呢花岗岩在成岩过程中通常会在水平

垂直及倾斜三个方向上产生一些裂隙

也就是原生节理 如果作为采石场的话

这些原生节理是不是会大大的降低开发的难度呢

也就是说是有利的 但是这些原生节理

也大大加快了岩浆岩的风化速度

特别是在南方一些多雨的地区

比如广东啊 香港啊等地

花岗岩风化壳的深度可以达到50甚至100米以上

风化后的岩石它的物理力学性质会明显的降低

所以呢在以花岗岩作为地基来修建工程的时候

我们应当查明风化层的厚度及断裂的发育情况

另外在花岗岩地区通常会有明显的球形风化现象

从而形成一些典型的花岗岩地貌

比如我国的九华山 黄山 还有北京海淀的凤凰岭

河北涞源的十瀑峡等等都是一些花岗岩地貌

花岗斑岩它的成分呢与花岗岩相同

是典型的酸性浅成岩 具有斑状结构和块状构造

斑晶呢为肉红色的

具有一组明显解理面的正长石

还有这种灰白色断口具有油脂状光泽的石英

基质呢为隐晶质 主要是一些颗粒细小的长石啊

石英等矿物 我们用肉眼无法识别

流纹岩它是一个典型的酸性喷出岩

通常颜色较浅 一般为灰色 灰白色或者是浅红色

具有斑状结构 典型的流纹状构造

斑晶呢主要是正长石和石英

基质呢为隐晶质

一般的来讲呢流纹岩通常比较坚硬

并且强度也比较高

所以可以作为良好的建筑材料

但是在作为建筑物地基的时候

应该注意下伏岩层及接触带的一些性质

因为在这些部位呢岩层相对比较破碎

在外部营力作用下容易风化形成软弱带

从而形成一些不利的工程地质条件

影响建筑物的稳定性

正长岩它是一种中性深成侵入岩

一般成微红色 浅黄或灰白色

具有典型的显晶质结构和块状构造

主要矿物呢是正长石

可以看到它的明显的一组具有玻璃光泽的解理面

有时呢会含有少量黑色矿物也就是角闪石和黑云母

一般不含石英 所以可以通过看它里面

是不是有石英矿物来与花岗岩进行区分

正长岩呢在物理力学性质上它与花岗岩相类似

但是强度呢要比花岗岩稍低 而且比较容易风化

正长斑岩它是中性浅成侵入岩

一般呈这种微红色 浅黄或灰白色

具有斑状结构 块状构造 斑晶呢是正长石

基质呢为隐晶质

粗面岩 它是中性喷出岩 一般呈淡红或者是浅黄色

具有斑状结构 块状构造

斑晶是正长石 基质呢为隐晶质

一般具有细小的孔隙 表面通常比较粗糙

好 这节课呢我们学习了

三种常见的酸性岩浆岩及三种常见的中性岩浆岩

通过这节课的学习呢

同学们要进一步理解岩浆岩的肉眼鉴定方法

并能够对这些岩浆岩进行识别和鉴定

Geology and Engineering Geology课程列表:

0 Introduction

-0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment

--Chapter 0.1 Human Engineering Activities and the Geological Environment

-0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology

--Chapter 0.2 Tasks for Engineering Geology

-0 Quiz--Homework

1 The Earth and the Crust

-1.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth

--Chapter 2.1 Formations and Evolution of the Earth

-1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth

--Chapter 1.2 Basic Attributes of the Earth

-1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes

--Chapter 1.3 Construction of the Geo-sphere and the Geological Processes

-1 Quiz--Homework

2 Endogenic Geological Process

-2.1 Crustal Movement

--Chapter 2.1 Crustal Movement

-2.2 Magmatism

--Chapter 2.2 Magmatism

-2.3 Metamorphism

--Chapter 2.3 Metamorphism

-2.4 Earthquake

--Chapter 2.4 Earthquake

-2 Quiz--Homework

3 Exogenic Geological Process

-3.1 Introduction

--Chapter 3.1 Introduction

-3.2 Weathering Effects

--chapter 3.2.1 Physical Weathering

--chapter 3.2.2 Chemical and Biological Weathering

--chapter 3.2.3 Weathering Products and Influencing Factors of the Weathering Process

-3.2 Weathering Effects--Homework

-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water

--chapter 3.3.1 Geologic Process of Temporary Torrents

--chapter 3.3.2.1 River Erosion Effects

--chapter 3.3.2.2 River Transport and Sedimentation Effects

-3.3 Geological Effects of the Flowing Surface Water--Homework

-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds

--Chapter 3.4 Geological Effects of Winds

-3.4 Geological Effects of Winds--Homework

-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers

--Chapter 3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers

-3.5 Geological Effects of Glaciers--Homework

-3 Quiz Easy--Homework

-3 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

4 Minerals and Rocks

-4.1 Minerals

--Chapter 4.1.1 Minerals and Their Morphological Characteristics

--4.1.2 Minerals and Rocks-Mineral Characteristics-Physical and Mechanical Prop

--Chapter 4.1.3 Visual Identification of Common Minerals

-4.1 Minerals--Homework

-4.2 Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.1 Main Mineral Compositions of Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.2 Texture and Structure of Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.3 Common Classification and Identification Methods for Magmatic Rocks

--Chapter 4.2.4 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅰ

--Chapter 4.2.5 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅱ

-4.2 Magmatic Rocks--Homework

-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.1 Material Compositions of Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.2 Texture and Structure of Sedimentary Rocks

--Chapter 4.3.3 Basic Characteristics of Common Sedimentary Rocks

-4.3 Sedimentary Rocks--Homework

-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks

--Chapter 4.4.1 Mineral Composition and their Texture andStructure

--Chapter 4.4.2 Basic Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks

-4.4 Metamorphic Rocks--Homework

-第4章 Quiz Easy--Homework

-第4章 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

5 The Geologic Times

-5 The Geologic Times

--Chapter 5 The Geologic Times

-5 Quiz--Homework

6 The Geological Structure

-6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure

--Chapter 6.1 Horizontal Structure and Dipping Structure

-6.2 Fold Structure

--Chapter 6.2 Fold Structure

-6.3 Fault Structure

--Chapter 6.3.1 Joint

--Chapter 6.3.2 Characteristics and Types of Faults

--Chapter 6.3.3 Fault Identification in the Wild

-6 Quiz Easy--Homework

-6 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

7 Geological Maps

-7.1 ntroduction

--Chapter 7.1.1 Types of Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.1.2 Scale of Geological Maps

-7.2 Presentation of the Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.2.1 Formation Lithology

--Chapter 7.2.2 Geological Structure

--Chapter 7.2.3 Contact Relations Between Stratas

-7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps

--Chapter 7.3 Reading and Analysis of the Geological Maps

-7 Quiz Easy--Homework

-7 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

8 Ground Water

-8.1 Basic Conceptuals

--Chapter 8.1 Basic Conceptuals

-8.1 Basic Conceptuals--Homework

-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water

--Chapter 8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water

-8.2 Reservation and Movements of Ground Water--Homework

-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water

--Chapter 8.3 Movements of the Ground Water

-8.3 Movements of the Ground Water--Homework

-8.4 Ground Water Quality

--Chapter 8.4 Ground Water Quality

-8.4 Ground Water Quality--Homework

-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology

--Chapter 8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geology

-8.5 Ground Water Related Issues on Engineering Geoligical Problem--Homework

-8 Quiz Easy--Homework

-8 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

9 Geological Engineering Attributes of Soils

-9.1 Soil Mass

--Chapter 9.1 Soil Mass

-9.1 Soil Mass--Homework

-9.2 Attributes of Soils

--Chapter 9.2.1 Physical Properties of Soil

--Chapter 9.2.2 Water-Physical Properties of Soil

--Chapter 9.2.3 Mechanical Properties of Soil

-9.2 Attributes of Soils--Homework

-9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils

--Chapter 9.3 Engineering Classification of Soils

-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.1 Soft Soil and Its Engimeering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.2 Loess and Its Engineering Attributes

--Chapter 9.4.3 Expansive Soil adn Its Engineering Attributes

-9.4 Special Soils and Its Engineering Attributes--Homework

-9 Quiz Easy--Homework

-9 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

10 Geological Engineering Attributes of Rocks

-10.1 Introduction

--Chapter 10.1 Introduction

--10.1 Introduction--Homework

-10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks

--Chapter 10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks

--10.2 Physical and Water-Physical Properties of Rocks--Homework

-10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks

--Chapter 10.3.1 Deformation Characteristics

--Chapter 10.3.2 Strength

--10.3 Mechanical Properties of Rocks--Homework

-10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass

--10.4 Structural Plane and Structural Body of Rock Mass--Homework

-10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane

--Chapter 10.5.1 Properties of Structural Plane

--Chapter 10.5.2 Mechanical Properties of Structural Plane

--10.5 Features and Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane--Homework

-10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass

--10.6 Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass--Homework

-10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass

--Chapter 10.7.1 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅰ

--Chapter 10.7.2 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass Ⅱ

--10.7 Engineering Classification of Rock Mass--Homework

-10 Quiz Easy--Homework

-10 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

11 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

-11.1 Slope Deformation and Destruction

--Chapter 11.1.1 Slope Deformation

--Chapter 11.1.2 Slope Destruction

-11.1 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework

-11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes

--Chapter 11.2 Factors on the Stability of Slopes

-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

--Chapter 11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes

-11.3 Analysis on the Stability of Slopes--Homework

-11.4 Structural Analysis Method on Rocky Slope Stability

--Chapter 11.4.1 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅰ

--Chapter 11.4.2 Stereographic Projection Method Ⅱ

-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation

--Chapter 11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation

-11.5 Measures for Preventing and Controlling the Slope Deformation--Homework

-11 Quiz Easy--Homework

-11 Quiz Enhanced--Homework

12 Geological Engineering Analysis on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks of Underg

-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution

--Chapter 12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution

-12.1 Underground Caverns and the Stress Distribution--Homework

-12.2 Deformation and Destruction of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.2.1 Brittle Adjacent Rock

--Chapter 12.2.2 Plastic Surrounding Rock and Surrounding Rock Stability Sign

-12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.3 Factors on Stability of the Adjacent Rocks

-12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks

--Chapter 12.4 Measures for Preventing Instability of the Adjacent Rocks

-12 Quiz--Homework

13 Analysis on the Stability of the Rock Mass of the Ground Work

-13.1 Dam Foundation of the Water Conservancy Project

--Chapter 13.1.1 Dam Types and Requirements for Engineering Geological Conditions

--Chapter 13.1.2 Deformation Failure Mode and Stability Analysis

-13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions

--Chapter 13.2 Common Methods of Foundation Constructions

-13 Quiz--Homework

14 Geological Engineering Analysis on the Reservoir Construction

-14.1 Reservoir Leakage

--Chapter 14.1 Reservoir Leakage

-14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank

--Chapter 14.2 Stability of the Reservoir Bank

-14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations

--Chapter 14.3 Reservoir Surrounding Immersions and Sedimentations

-14 Quiz--Homework

15 Methods and Technics of Engineering Geological Exploration

-15.1 Introduction

--Chapter 15.1 Introduction

-15.2 Engineering Geological Mapping

--Chapter 15.2.1 Research Content

--Chapter 15.2.2 Structural Plane Statistics

-15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments

--Chapter 15.3 Engineering Geological Exploration and Field Experiments

-15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass

--Chapter 15.4 Instructions on the Geological Compass

- Quiz--Homework

Chapter 4.2.4 Basic Characteristics of Common Magmatic Rocks Ⅰ笔记与讨论

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