Chapter 7 Part 2在线视频

Hello

everyone

I'm Liu Juan

from Capital Medical University

Welcome to our English for presentations

at the International Medical Conferences

Now we're going to talk about

materials and methods

Objectives

Upon completion of this section

you are expected to

know the function of

the materials and methods

get familiarized with suggested ways

to present materials and methods

grasp useful phrases

on how to present materials and methods

function

Materials and methods section

in the presentation

provides the information

by which a study’s validity is judged

Therefore

it requires a clear and precise

description of how your

experiment had been done

and the rationale for why specific

experimental procedures were chosen

This section should include

sufficient details

and references

to permit a trained scientist to evaluate

your work fully

or to repeat the experiments exactly as you did them

For hypothesis testing presentation

this section is to tell the audience

what experiments you did to answer the question

posed in the Introduction section

For descriptive studies

this section tells what experiments

you did to obtain the message

stated in the Introduction section

This section should present

what was done to answer the research question

describe how it was done

justify the experimental design

And explain how the results were analyzed

Therefore

the structure of this section

in general

should

include

describe the materials used in the study

explain how the materials

were prepared for the study

describe the research protocol

explain how measurements were made

describe what calculations were performed

and state which statistical tests

were done to analyze the data

The description of preparations

measurements

and the protocols should be organized

mainly chronologically

For clarity

when a large amount of detail must

be presented

information should be presented in

sub-sections according to topic

Materials in each section should be organized

by topic from most to least important

When all elements of the section

are well prepared

focus on how to prison to those elements

as clearly and logically as possible

Three

Suggested ways

to present materials and methods

There are many tips and strategies

presenters can use

to present materials and methods

but the followings are most powerful ones

that good presenters have used over the years

Hopefully

they will help you to nail the materials and

they will help you to nail the materials and

methods section in your next presentation

presentation

one

tense

Materials and methods section describes

what you did and how you did it

Here

the past tense and past perfect tense

are more natural because you are describing work

that has already been completed

at the time of presenting

Two

Give simple explanations

and be careful when giving numbers

This section is where the audience

is most likely to get lost

so clear explanations are fundamental

Explain things in a way that the audience

does not have to make a big mental effort

Your audience will probably

only be able to absorb

about a small part of what you are saying

so it helps

if you repeat or explain anything complex

for them

do not expect them to understand everything

the first time

If you use numerical examples

make sure the numbers appear on the slide

as it is very difficult for audience

to mentally translate the numbers

at a greater speed into their own languages

and then be able to follow the examples

Three

Give examples first

and technical explanations second

This section is one of the highlights

of your presentation

and you should have fun explaining it

It helps the audience

to follow a technical explanation

if you gave examples first

and then explain the process

If you begin with the theoretical aspect

you will probably lose the audience

and maybe get lost yourself

If you begin with a simple example

you gain the attention of the audience

and gain confidence yourself

Four

Be brief

and only talk about what is strictly necessary

Explain the steps clearly

and why your chosen methodology was suitable

or not for what you wanted to do

But again

only mention what the audience

really needs to know

in order to make sense of what you did

Five

Show only the key steps

in a process or procedure

If you are showing your audience or process

it is tempting to show them

all the steps of the process

The typical way to do this is

to cut and paste a complex diagram

from a book or paper

or to begin with a skeleton diagram

and then gradually add new parts to it

either via animation or

a series of overlapping slides

However

this has major problems

For one thing

audiences may recognize a cut and paste

It gave the idea that

you couldn't find the time

to create something specifically for them

For another

gradually building up a diagram

may take too long

and can be very tedious for the audience

Worse

if you realize that it is taking too long

you will probably speed up your explanation

and the audience may not

grasp what you are saying

What are the solutions

The solution is

to ignore any pre-existing graphics

and the start from scratch

This does not have to be a laborious process

because you only need to highlight the essential

Your aim is to guide the audience

through the highlights of the process

If something is quite complex

then break it up into manageable steps

over two or three slides

But occasionally go back to one slide or two

to highlight to the audience

the various connections.

Six

Use slide titles to help explain a process

When the main purpose

of your presentation is to explain a process

or how a piece of equipment works

It is a good idea to use your slides titles

to explain each step in the process

Each slide simply has a title

and then a diagram or picture

which you then explain

Seven

explain why you are not

describing the whole process

If you think the details

complex explanations

various tables and graphs are too demanding

or too boring for the audience

it is advisable to skip

some less important parts

You can explain

like the following

If your audience want to see every detail

If your audience want to see every detail

in your diagram

chart

table or graph

then as you show your slide

say like the following

This is a very simplified version of

This is what the prototype looks like

in very general terms

The full diagram is on my webpage

I will give you the address

at the end of the presentation

You can also use phrases that indicate that

You can also use phrases that indicate that

you are only talking in general terms

such as

for the most part

broadly, generally speaking

with one or two exceptions

as a general rule

then you can show a diagram

of the complete process

but magnify one or two parts of the process

that you would like to focus on

just show three consecutive parts of the process

and focus on the one in the middle

showing how it connects to the previous part

and the next part

highlight using a circle

or a particular color the aspect

that you want the audience to focus on

so that they will ignore the other information

use a different font and a bigger font size

Eight

Indicate where you are in a process

when you are describing a process

you cannot always maintain

full eye contact with audience

you may occasionally need to

point at the diagram

You can do this in various ways

first

you can stand up to the left or right

side of the screen

and use the laser pointer to indicate

the items you are talking about

Or you can draw on the screen

and to show the pen

you can press Control and P

to turn it off press the ESC

Nine

Tell a story

rather than sounding like a technical manual

You can involve your audience

much more if you

talk about the selection process like a story

You can use

active verbs rather than passive verbs

you can exclude the non-essential details

Thus

you can make a very technical explanation

more interesting if you tell it like a story

Ten

Minimize or cut the use of equations

formulas and calculations

Equations

formulas and calculations

are difficult and time-consuming to explain

They rarely interest to the audience

and often confuse them

and often confuse them

They may distract the audience

they start deciphering the equation

and stop listening to you

Instead of explaining equations

formulas and calculations in detail

just talk about its importance

and how it relates to your study

You can then give details in a handout

you could say

for example

I'm not going to explain

the details of this formula

You can find them on my website

which I will give to

you at the end of the presentation.

Basically

the formula says that

If you must use math

talk slowly

and go through everything step by step

Remember that people normally study equations

on paper

on paper

it is not easy for an audience

to absorb a formula

in a very short space of time

Eleven

Use active and passive forms effectively

Moving from active to passive

creates variety in the description

and not using the passive all the time

gives energy and dynamism to the description

You can use active and the passive verbs

even when describing process

in which you were

or you are not directly involved

Remember to guide the audience

by indicating on the diagram

where they are in the process and by explaining

technical vocabulary by

pointing at the relevant item

Next

we’d like to share with you

most common 11 categories

in presenting materials and methods

and some useful phrases are listed below

Category one

研究对象的选择

来源及标准

研究对象通常指病人patients

研究对象通常指病人patients

受试者subjects

健康志愿者healthy volunteers

动物animals

纳入研究

here are some examples

排除或退出研究

You can use examples as follows

Category two

研究对象的分组及标准

Category three

年龄

比如一个50岁的病人

You can use the following examples

在某年龄段范围内及平均年龄

Here are some examples

在某一年龄以上或以下

Look at these three examples

Category four

性别

Here are some examples for your reference

Category five

时间点 时间段

These are the most frequently used expressions

Category six

实验动物experimental animals

laboratory animals

试验研究论文中

应说明采用何种实验动物

动物的年龄

体重

性别

来源

饲养时间和条件

动物模型饲养方法等

For example

Category seven

借鉴他人实验方法

You can use the following examples

Category eight

实验标本的制备

Here are the most frequently used expressions

Next

表达实验方法

You can say being investigated

be measured

be diagnosed be assessed

be examined

be treated

by or using

or something or some tool

Category ten

here are some basic

here are some basic

experimental expressions

The last category is diagnosis and treatment

Here are some examples for your reference

Practice

What are the general requirement

in presenting your materials and methods

What would you say if you are not describing

the whole process

in presenting materials and methods