Chapter 1 Part 2在线视频

Now let’s work on the quotation marks

1 We assessed the responses by calculating

the proportions of patients

who felt “ not at all ”

“ a little bit ”

“ somewhat ”

“ quite a bit ”

and “very much” bothered by side-effects

or had lack of energy over time

This is no space after the first

or before the final quotation mark

Here is the revised version

2 We assessed the effect of adverse

events on health-related quality of life

by analyzing responses to the question

I am bothered by side-effects of treatment

an item of the physical wellbeing domain

In this sentence

“I am bothered by side-effects of treatment”

should be placed inside the quotation marks

because the writer quoted this item

from the physical wellbeing domain

in the questionnaire

Here is the revised version

Now we understand the rules

of using quotation marks

1 Use quotation marks

to set apart direct quotes

from sources or data

2 There is no space after the first or

before the final quotation mark

One space is placed before the first

and after the last quotation mark

Now let’s move on to Parentheses

Please find the punctuation

errors of the following sentences

1 Patients received one capsule

sertraline

50 mg orally daily for one week

then two capsules daily for up to 11 weeks

In this sentence “sertraline 50 mg”

should be placed in the parenthesis

to separate from the main body

of the sentence

and to provide the detailed information

Here is the revised version

2 Overall 384 59% participants were female

and 433 66% were employed

In this sentence

59% and 66%

should be placed in the parenthesis

to provide data

Here is the revised version

3 The current study was based on

two successive and non-overlapping cohorts

the 2002 and 2008 cohorts

in this sentence

“2002 and 2008 cohorts”

should be placed in the parenthesis

to provide more specific information

Here is the revised version

4 It was suggested that

cognitive function generally declines

with age among older adults

and the rate of cognitive decline

that is reduction in cognitive function

is related to initial cognitive function

in this sentence

“that is reduction in cognitive function”

should be placed in the parenthesis

to provide explanation

Here is the revised version

5 This study was a pragmatic

multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled

randomized trial of patients

from 179 primary care surgeries

in four UK cities( Bristol Liverpool London and York )

no space is needed before Bristol

Here is the revised version

6 Knowledge about health-related quality of life

HRQOL can inform clinicians

and patients about the benefits

and risks of drug treatments

in terms of patients’

physical social

emotional and functional wellbeing

here we found

HRQOL is the acronym

for health-related quality of life

so it should be placed in the parenthesis

Here is the revised version

7 Significant interactions

were seen between two groups

in Fig 2 and Table 3

In this title “Fig 2 and Table 3”

should be placed in the parenthesis

Here is the revised version

8 We created a binary variable

of feeling the same

or worse 0 and feeling better 1

In this one

the period after 1 in the parenthesis

should be moved out and placed at the end

Here is the revised version

Now we can generalize the rules of

using parentheses

Parentheses are used to isolate

information within a sentence

The sentence must be understandable

if a reader ignores the information

in the parentheses

In research papers

parentheses are important ways

to include details

without interrupting the flow of ideas

1 Use parentheses to separate material

from the main body of a sentence or paragraph

2 Use parentheses to provide

source information

3 Use parentheses to provide more

specific information or explanation

4 Use parentheses to provide data

percentage P value etc

5 Use parentheses to isolate

acronyms or abbreviations

6 Use parentheses

to show the related figure or table

7 Place parentheses properly either inside

or outside end punctuation

8 One space precedes the first

and after the final parentheses

No space is placed between the first

or second parentheses

and the enclosed information

If a punctuation mark immediately

follows the second parentheses

no space is placed

between the final parentheses

and the punctuation mark

Now let’s move to Dash

Please find the punctuation errors

of the following sentences

1 Many people believe that

changes in weather conditions

including increases in humidity

or rainfall lead to

worsening symptoms of joint or back pain

particularly among those with arthritis

in this sentence

a dash should be placed before including

It means illustrations are added

Here is the revised version

2 Author Conteibutions

study design

V K S and A K C

Performance of the study

Data acquisition and analysis

K Y M

M U R

S Y W

O O F

here the space before and

after dash should be deleted

This is the revised version

Now we can understand

the principle of using dashes

A dash is used

to separate nonrestrictive information

or to emphasize a shift in tone or thought

It falls between commas and parentheses

in regards

to the strength of separation

A dash has no space before or after

Now let’s work on Hyphens

Please find the punctuation

errors of the following sentences

1 We also recognized

that long term follow up is needed

since a 24 month

end point analysis provides

incomplete information

First we can see "long term" and "24 month"

are unit modifiers

which means they should be combined

to modify the noun

So the hyphen should be added

between "long term"

and also

between "24 month"

“follow up”

“follow up” here should be the noun form

So The hyphen is needed between "follow up"

to make them a noun

Here is the revised version

2 Health - care professionals

should be aware of the specific risks

to travelers

and should provide targeted pre - travel

consultations

In this sentence

the hyphen between pre-travel

should have no space before or after

Now we can understand

the principle of using hyphens

A hyphen is used

to link compound modifiers

before a noun to avoid

a possibility that the modifier

and the noun could be misinterpreted

A hyphen is used to change the part of speech

like from a

verb and a preposition to noun form

A hyphen has no space before or after

Now let’s summarize this chapter

Using punctuation in your writing

helps the reader to clearly understand

the message that is being conveyed

Moreover breaking the rules

or using inappropriate punctuation

will affect our texts in much the same way

as bad spelling

or the use of inappropriate vocabulary would

that is readers will get a

bad impression of your text

and they will not give the text's

actual content the attention

it may deserve

In this chapter

we have learned the rules of using

following punctuations

period

comma

colon

semicolon

quotation marks

parentheses

dash

hyphen

Now let’s work on the exercises

1 Moreover although we had detailed data on

utilization of primary care

we lacked information on use of drugs

during periods of pain exacerbation

patients could self manage symptoms

by taking over-the-counter analgesics

which would not be detectable in our data

In this sentence

a comma should be placed after the

conjunctive adverb "moreover"

A semicolon should be placed

after pain exacerbation

to join these two independent clauses

closely related in thought

Here is the revised version2

2 In an analysis of millions of

outpatient visits of older Americans

age greater than 65 years during 2008-12

including those with rheumatoid arthritis

the proportion of joint or back

pain related visits was not associated

with rainfall on the day of the appointment

or with the amount of rainfall

during that week or the preceding week

In this sentence

we can see that age greater than

or equal to 65 years should be placed

in the parenthesis to provide

the more specific information

A comma should be placed

before “including” to separate

interrupting phrase

Here is the revised version

3 Our primary outcome

was whether a visit reflecting joint

or back pain rheumatoid arthritis

osteoarthritis

spondylosis

intervertebral disc disorders

and other non-traumatic joint disorders

In this sentence

a colon should be used after back pain

to introduce more information

Here is the revised version

4 Based on the literature

we treated responses of

unable to answer as wrong

In this sentence

“unable to answer”

should be placed in the quotation marks

so does “wrong”

It means

these are the items from the data collection

So the revised version is like this

5 We recognized that obtaining

face to face follow up data

for neurocognitive testing at 5 years

was likely to be even more difficult than at 1 year

In this sentence

two hyphens are needed to change

face to face

from adverb to adjective

to serve as a compound modifier

A hyphen is also needed to

place between "follow up"

to change it into a noun

So the revised version is like this

This is today's lecture

Thank you for listening!