Chapter 9 Part 1在线视频

Hello

everyone

I am TaoXin from Capital Medical University

Now we're going to talk about

chapter 9 results

part one introduction

So now we have come to the heart of the paper

the results

If readers are interested in your paper

they will be interested in your results

That's why it is essential to use

all your writing skills

to objectively presented the key findings

in an orderly and logical sequence

with illustrative materials and text

Here

writers unveil novel and unknown knowledge

which contributes to the advance of science

through a skillful use of text

tables

and figures

to tell a complete

focused an interesting story

This section presents the most relevant results

corresponding to the research question

raised in the introduction

gives a result about all measurements and outcomes

in methods

and provides basis for interpretation

of results in discussion

So in this section

we need to provide the big picture

without repeating the experimental details

More importantly

we need to present the data

However

the job is not as easy as it sounds

as we are supposed to present

representative data

rather than repetitive data

As ours impose it

the compulsion to include everything

living nothing out

does not prove that one has

unlimited information

It proves that one lacks discrimination

In this chapter

we're going to explore how clarity

conciseness

and objectives innes could be achieved

in writing RESULTS

This chapter includes 6 parta

The functions of RESULTS

structure of RESULTS

writing tips for RESULTS

case analysis

summary and practices

Part two functions of the results section

the function of the results section is to

state the main results of investigations

described in the Materials and Methods section

and to provide supporting data

It answers the question

what was found in the research

by providing the results

authors elucidate the data

and make a meaningful

Part three structure of the results section

Results includes both results and data

presented in text tables and figures

Statistically relevant parameters including

sample size

P values

and the type of statistics used

are also presented in this section

The primary content

of the results section

presents the most relevant finding

relating to the central research question

raised in the introduction section

No matter they support the hypothesis or not

Secondary findings

including results related to a secondary outcomes

and subgroup analysis are also given

Results for both experimental and control groups

and of each item mentioned in the materials

and methods should be given

comparison of the study

Results with others

Discussion and interpretation of the results

are not recommended

as they belong to the next section

discussion

Distinction need to be made between results and data

results are presented in the text

Data

the most important ones

in figures and tables

with a limited amount in the text

The results compare

summarize or explained data in tables of figures

in other words

results analyzed data at a higher level

and highlight relationships

patterns and trends

The text of the results section needs to state

the main message derived from a table or figure

so that readers do not

need to interpret data themselves

Tables are used to present specific informatioN

or exact values

while figures are used to show comparisons

patterns or trends

The following table illustrates the difference

between results and data

in writing

Data could be included in square brackets

following the results

Results with no data or data with no results

should be avoided

In terms of structure

the results section typically starts with a

description of an important characteristics of

study participants

including

number sex

age and symptoms

which indicate the comparability of the steady

groups at baseline

For clinical trials

The number of patients completing the protocol

and those lost excluded or withdrawn

should also be given

Authors may also comment

on whether baseline characteristics

are statistically similar or different

Reporting guidelines may differ

with specific journals or with different

steady types

Generally

Findings from the primary analysis are given next

followed by

secondary

findings

and the subgroup analysis

An additional or unexpected findings

Make up the results section using a combination of text

tables and figures

Results are presented in the text

the most important data you figures and tables

and a few very important ones in the text

Results section should be organized logically

either in chronological order

from general to specific

from most to least important

or grouping results by topic

study groups

or experiment measured parameters

Results in chronological order presents results

in the same order as methods

using sub headings

they're parallel results

Results organised from general to specific

usually precedes from general findings

such as characteristics of overall steady population

to more specific findings

including data and results for each group

this organization pattern is mostly used

in clinical studies

involving multiple groups of individuals

receiving different treatments

The third pattern from most to least important

is used when authors want to immediately highlight

important findings

which answer the main question

The last pattern grouping by topic

or experiment is used

when for example

we're comparing diagnostic

and analytical performance

of a number of assays for analytes

part 4writing tips for the results section

the results section needs to be clear

Concise and objective

Clarity means the results

should be pertinent to the research question

and data should be centered

on those essential for readers

to understand the findings

So writers do not need

to devote equal lengths to all results

but try to emphasize important results

and supporting its secondary information

including irrelevant and peripheral information

Important results integrate well

with the whole picture of the article

echoing the main research aim

so readers would not be confused and distracted

with excessive experimental details

and would be presented with a comprehensive

and supported argument

Conciseness means writers do not

need to include irrelevant

and peripheral information

including overview sentences

unnecessary intensive fires

and unnecessary nominalism patients

Overview sentences such as to show

our results were first introduced

all components of the experimental system

and then describe the outcome of infections

only announce the topic instead

of giving the message

and suggestion

for revising overview sentences

is to integrate the message in the sentence

Components of experimental systems are

Infections led to

Wordiness in the results section can also be

easily avoided by careful checking of the use of

unnecessary intensive fires

such as clearly essential

quite basically rather fairly really

and virtually

as they actually lower the credibility of the results

rather than intensify them

More tips were word choices in the results section

is presented in the following table

in the results section

result in data are the most valid proof

adding intensely fires can appeal to readers

emotions but lower objectivity

so avoid describing figures and tables

using language like table three clearly shows that

or it is obvious from figure Four that

a second strategy for reducing wordiness

is checking unnecessary nominalism patients

These normalization is our nows

derived from verbs

and adjectives

and are used with weak verbs like be

have do make cause

provide and get

a possible solution is to replace the weak verbs

with firms embedded in the nominalism nation

So instead of writing

we tested the hypothesis that

there is a disruption of memory

as the military

we can say the memory in a cemetery

is disrupted

instead of writing

In this paper

we provide an argument that

we can write in this paper

We argue that

in this way we highlight the key information

disrupt

and argue in the very position

and make it clear to the readers

instead of hiding them in a vague and

abstract normalization

Objective measures

is key to writing the results section

and is a core component of academic ethics

Writers are suggested

to exclude irrelevant results

but not to ignore valid

anomalous results

that contradict the research hypothesis

or do not support the current scientific literature

Data manipulation or falsification

either in texts or EU figures and tables

is a willful distortion of data and results

and violates research ethics

Contradictory results should not be avoided

they need be mentioned

and when possible explained

Here are some useful tips

for writing the results section

use clear paragraphing

use four to nine paragraphs on average

usually including two to three pages

about one thousand words

with a one point five line spacing

font size eleven

a paragraph devoted to one or

more closely related figures

It was informative sub headings

as the message

or by categories

use past tense mainly

past tense for reference

The results obtaining hypothesis

testing papers

patents for descriptive studies

past tense for reference to nontechnical elements

and for meaning of results

Such as table one shows

the findings confirm the data's just

would believe that

report only results pertinent to the question

include results

Whether or not they support their hypothesis

include control results or data

describe comparison of results

between groups clearly and concisely

use straightforward verbs

to state results

including show

indicate

demonstrate

highlight

identify

detect

observe

find confirm

but not reveal

distinguish between could not

did nod and failed to

state the similarity or equivalence

or difference was no equivalence

with appropriate signals

like alike similar to have the same as

but while

however

in contrast

more likely than

or less likely than

Emphasize the important results

describe the results from the most

to the least important

and from the primary outcomes

to the secondary outcomes

plays important results at the beginning

of the paragraph

followed by supporting details and control results

Use a signal

We found that we observed that

for key findings at the beginning of the sentence

label state and repeat important information

present additional results or data

in supplementary materials

and refer to these materials at appropriate points

in the main text

Keep data to a minimum in the text

present Most data

in particular important data

in figures and tables

Do not repeat data in the tables of figures

unless they are the one or two very important values

Do not destroy data to feed your expectations

Be sure that data are accurate

and internally consistent

Why reporting numbers

spell out numbers at the beginning of a sentence

or when they are less than ten

Be consistent in using numbers as numerals or spat out

in a sentence

use numerals

Before a unit of a measure time days and points