1.2.1 History of Statistical Practice: A Long Road 统计实践史：漫漫长路在线视频

统计的产生
The Origin of Statistics

统计的产生是依据社会的需要而产生的
Statistics are generated according to the needs of society

它分为两部分
There are two parts of it.

第一部分 它的工作产生
In the first part, its work originates from

在现实生活中
the real life.

因为部落的出现
Along with the birth of tribes,

因为国家的出现
or the emergence of nations

它要进行集体活动的话
there comes community life.

要进行决策
Decisions have to be made

它要做到心中有数
based on a certain amount of data collected.

从古埃及到中国的古代社会
From Ancient Egypt to Ancient Chinese society

都有统计工作
statistics have played its role,

并且留下了详实的统计资料
and have left solid information and data.

大家都知道 古埃及很有名的金字塔
As we all know, pyramids are famous creation of the Egyptians.

它的金字塔建造的时候
When they were built,

它的国家就要进行
the Ancient Egyptians had to count

人口和财产统计
its population and wealth

它才能够计划规划出
in order to make plans about

要征多少民工 要征多少税
the number of labors and the amount of tax

才能把一栋金字塔筑起来
to be requisitioned for the construction work.

中国也一样
The same happened in China.

洪武三年
In the third year of Emperor Hongwu’s reign,

也就是1370年11月
or in November 1370,

明太祖 朱元璋
Emperor Hongwu, the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty,

曾经对全国的人口进行过一次
arranged a massive investigation

声势浩大的点匣对比
on the national population,

也就是人口普查
similar to the current census.

给每户编制户帖
Household was registered in a residence note,

帖上首印钦奉圣旨
including a stamped royal decree,

上面填写户主和家庭成员的基本信息
with general information of the household head and other family members,

还备附注事产 户别等专项内容
in addition to property, household type and other specific entries,

记载这家人的身份和经济来源等相关信息
and documents about their identity, source of income and other information.

譬如注明他是军户 民户抑者是匠户等等
For example, household types included military, civilian and craftsman.

这种户帖被称为历史上最早的户口本
This kind of residence note is the earliest form of Household Register in history.

我们可以对比明太祖的这场人口普查
If we compare the census conducted by the Emperor of Ming

比美国（1790年）和英国（1801年）的国情普查
with the state of census conducted in U.S. (1790) and in Britain (1801),

要早400多年
we would see the former is 400 years earlier than the latter.

英国学者卡尔津曾说过
Culkin, a British scholar, said admiringly

这是世界上最早推行
that it was the earliest proof and role model

全国人口普查明证和榜样
of national census in the world.

但是朱元璋的人口普查还不算是最早的
Actually, there are other earlier records of national census.

其实最早的是在公元前2200年的尧 舜 夏 商时代
The earliest ones found were in 2200 BC, the era of Yao, Shun, Xia and Shang,

我们国家就进行过最原始的人口普查
when the ancient state took a census of the most original form.

据《史记》记载
According to Records of the Grand Historian,

禹平水土 定九州 计民数
Yu harnessed flood, marked nine regions, and counted the population.

说的是大禹曾为治水进行过人口普查
The history has it that Yu conducted census in order to accomplish water management.

当时登记人口为1355万
The registered population was 13.35 million.

到西汉平帝原始五年（公元5年）的时候
In the fifth year of Emperor Ping’s reign of the Western Han dynasty (5 AD）

也进行过一次全国性人口普查
there was another national census.

在《汉书・地理志》上说了
According to the statistics in The Book of Han, Geography

当时全国共有12222062户
there were 12,222,062 registered households,

是59594978个人
namely, 59,594,978 people in the nation.

这些数字精确到了个位
The number is accurate to single digits.

可见他们所下的功夫有多么的足
We could only imagine how much effort was put into this job.

春秋时期 齐国的宰相管仲就曾经说过
During the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong was the prime minister of Qi Kingdom.

不明于计数而欲举大事
He compared doing great deeds without grasping a certain number of specific data

犹无舟楫而经于水 险也
with wading into the water without boat and oar, which was extremely risky.

他不仅推行 春曰书比 夏曰日程
He not only implemented a seasonal statistics work,

秋曰大稽 与民数得亡的常态统计
regarding tax rate, revenue and the number of people on the market,

还注意调查人口的素质
but also investigated the quality constitution of the population,

譬如每个农民能提供多少人的口粮
such as the ration a farmer could provide,

有专门技能的男人和女人有多少
the number of men and women with specialized skills,

鳏夫 寡妇 病人有多少等等
the number of widows, widowers and patients etc.

秦国宰相商鞅
When Shang Yang served as prime minister of Qin Kingdom,

也下令将全国的总人口按壮男
he also ordered to categorize the total population

壮女 官吏 商人 读书人
into 13 types including men, women, officials, businessmen, scholars

残疾人等十三类分别统计
the handicapped, etc.

这就是历史上著名的强国知十三数
His classification boosted Qin’s prosperity that it later became a famous criterion

到了汉朝 隋朝 唐朝 元朝 明朝到清朝
that was maintained in the following dynasties of Han, Sui, Tang, Yuan, Ming and Qing.

我们国家的统计资料 统计数据
The statistical data, statistical information, in our country,

都有完整的保存
has been well conserved.

（有）一种观点认为
One view holds that

中国元朝和隋朝
the statistic data

那两个朝代的统计数据
collected by Yuan and Sui dynasties

比较完整 也比较真实
is more complete and more authentic.

使得后两个朝代
The following two dynasties,

唐朝和明朝
Tang and Ming dynasties

在中国才非常强大
benefited from this and rose to power quickly.

这个强大的基础之一
Its strength can be partly attributed to

跟前朝留下的
the detailed and complete statistical data

详实完整的统计数据不无相关
inherited from the proceeding dynasties.

统计在现实生活中的作用
Statistics have an extensive application in life.

到现在大家看得到的
The most familiar cases

除掉国家统计局
range from the monthly published CPI

每个月发布的CPI
by National Bureau of Statistics

这是现实中的统计
which is a practical use of statistics,

以及每个年末发布的GDP数据
to the GDP released at the end of each year,

还要到来年的政府工作报告里面
And to the statistical data, social bulletin

有一些统计数据和社会公报
and social economic development bulletin data

我们的社会经济发展公报的数据
in government work report of the following year.

这些都是现实生活工作中的
These display the role of statistics and statistical information

统计工作和统计资料的展现
in real life and concrete work.

在现在的市场经济社会里面
We are now a society of market economy.

我们国家的私营统计发展
There is also rapid development of statistics

也非常的繁荣
in the private sector of national economy.

这私营统计其实就是大家
These private statistics companies

看的那些注册公司
are often called registered companies,

都叫咨询公司 调查公司等等
consulting firms and research companies.

这些都属于统计工作
Their work also involves statistical collection and analysis.

统计工作
Statistics

它是与社会的需求联系在一起
has always been closely associated with social needs.

当然
Of course,

这个需求它是与宏观管理要求比较紧
the social needs are strictly consistent with the requirements of macro-management.

所以有一种讲法
So, it is widely agreed that

虽然说会计学与统计学
even though Accounting and Statistics

都是以结绳记事作为标志
were both marked by Tying Knots to keep records,

做他们学科的产生（标志）
as the symbol of the birth (herald) of the two disciplines,

但统计（学）和会计（学）
Statisticsand Accounting

最终分道扬镳
eventually separated and went on different ways.

就在于会计（学）它是为企业
Accounting becomes a provider of

提供资金运动的信息
financial information for enterprises,

而统计（学）是为宏观管理提供
while Statistics is in the service for macro-management

人 财 物等等方面的信息
regarding human, financial and material resources,

为国家进行宏观决策做准备
prepared for decision-making on macroscopic level.

当然
However,

微观统计里面
micro statistics

也要为企业的决策
also provide data basis for corporate decision-making,

比如说它的市场占有率
such as market share of company products,

产品的寿命
life span of products,

产品的质量
product quality,

产品的定价等等
pricing and so on.

库存这些都属于
Issues like inventory are also

微观统计研究的问题
important subject of research of micro statistics.

这就是统计的实践工作
And these are all practical statistical work.