3.1.1 Statistics grouping: from original ecology to systematization 统计分组：从原生态到系统化在线视频

傻二妞 在干吗呢
My little sister, how are you doing?

啊... 姐 这次我们班期中考试的成绩不理想
Not so good… Sister, our class did not do well in the mid-term test.

老师今天交给我一个任务
The teacher gave me an assignment today

我一点头绪都没有
but I have no clue.

谁叫你是学习委员
You are the model student, after all.

啥任务呀
What is the assignment?

哎 要我想想有没有办法
Well, the teacher asked me to think about ways

能把班上的学习成绩提高上去啊
to improve the academic performance of our class.

愁死我了
I am so worried.

别担心 有姐在呢
Don’t worry. Maybe I can help.

我觉得呀
I think

我们首先应该找到
we should first figure out

你们班成绩不理想的原因
why your class failed the mid-term test.

然后才能对症下药
And then we can suit the methods to the situation.

可是 姐
But, sister,

你看看 这么多门课
you see, there are many courses

这么多同学
and many students,

我都不知道该从哪里找起啊
I don’t know where to start.

那么 试试用这些
Then, why don’t you start with

搜集来的数据告诉我们答案吧
collecting some statistical data?

现在我们讲第三章
Today, we will learn the third chapter.

第三章 就是我们前一章
In this chapter, we are going to deal with

第二章搜集来的资料
the statistical data collected in ways we learned from the second chapter.

它是没有条理性
These data need to be organized.

我们要让这些资料
We want these data

其实是要反映总体的情况
to reflect the overall situation.

那要反映总体的情况
In order to reflect the overall situation

就要让那些杂乱无章的资料
we need to put this random information

条理化 系统化
in a systematic and organized order.

这个条理化 系统化的过程
The process to systematically organize data

就属于统计整理
is statistical arrangement.

在这一章里呢
In this chapter

我们要讲完统计整理
we will learn about statistical arrangement

还要讲一些数值的计算
and numerical computation.

统计整理 它是包括三项内容
Statistical arrangement includes 3 sections:

第一 资料的审核
data auditing,

二 统计分组
statistical grouping

三 统计表
and statistical table.

第一 资料的审核
Data auditing

就是要把搜集来的
refers to auditing of data,

那些原始资料
the original data

要进行审核
that has been collected,

看它的正确与否
to assess its accuracy.

当然审核的方法有
Normally the way to review the data include

逻辑推理 逻辑方法
logical reasoning and logical method.

比如说
For example,

这个人年龄与他的学历对比
when we compare one’s age with one’s education,

你不可能说十岁就大学毕业
it would be illogical to say that he graduated from college at 10.

这是逻辑上可以审的出来的
Logical review can help us find the unreasonable.

但还有一些大部分是
Yet, more often the review relies on

数量审核 数量关系
quantity check and quantitative relations.

比如工厂里面的用电量
For instance, a factory’s electricity consumption,

用水量 用工量 就劳动工资量
water consumption, the amount of labor used, namely the amount of wages,

跟你的产值 税收
and its production value, and paid tax

它是肯定有一定的关系
It must have something to do with it

这是资料的审核
And this is what data auditing refers to.

资料的审核是保证我们资料的
Data auditing is a key step to

真实性的关键的一步
ensure data validity.

第二步 统计分组
Statistical grouping.

在第一章我们讲了
In the first chapter, we learned that

统计分组是统计的一种
statistical grouping is one of the elementary

最基本的分析方法
analysis methods in statistics.

统计分组 它的定义是
Statistics grouping is a method

对总体按照某一个标志
that divides collected information into several components

把它区分为若干个组成部分
according to a certain character.

首先涉及到的内容是
The first thing that should be taken into consideration

第一个要按某一个研究目的
is research purpose.

目的确定了
Once the purpose is clear,

你才能选择分组的标准
You can choose the criteria for grouping

或者叫标志
or the character for classification.

那这样分出来的结果
The items grouped in this way

就有组内性质相同
share a common characteristic internally,

组间差异很大
which differs greatly among groups.

所以我们通常讲
So we generally define this as

组内同质 组间差异
homogeneity within the group and between-group variation.

统计分组还有一个关键问题
There is a key element in statistical grouping.

它要遵循一些最基本的原则
It must follow some basic principles.

第一 穷尽性原则
The first principle is exhaustion.

用几何的概念来说
Let us expound it by borrowing the concept of geometry.

就是所有的子集
As the total sub-aggregates

它的并集为全集
form a union or an aggregate,

也就是说我们总体单位
the population union here,

分组以后
after being grouped,

都能找到自己的归属
will fall into their own category

都能进入到相应的组中去
and enter the corresponding group.

第二个原则就是它的互斥性
The second principle is mutual exclusivity.

互斥性指的就是说
Being mutually exclusive means

组与组之间
there is no intersection

不存在着交集
among these groups.

也就是我们集合与集合之间的
That is to say, the intersection between sets

交集为空集
is null.

比如我们会计里面
Take accounting for example,

会计的科目
subjects in accounting

其实就是统计分组的结果
actually result from statistical grouping.

它是把企业的资金
It regards the enterprise's fund

作为一个总体
as the population union,

把它区分为各个科目
to be divided into individual subjects.

那么你每一笔经济业务发生
So each business transaction

只能记录到一个科目里
can only be recorded into one subject,

某一个特定科目中去
a specific subject.

不能用既可以记A科目
Can't record a account with both subject A

又可以记B科目
and subject B.

这就讲的统计分组的原则里
This is the principle of mutual exclusivity

互斥性
in statistical grouping.

统计分组
Statistical grouping

它分出来的作用非常大
has tremendous significance because

第一 它可以划分事物的类型
it divides according to characteristics.

我们前面讲的定类变量
What we mentioned earlier about nominal variable

就是统计分组的体现
is a realization of statistical grouping.

像我们 人按性别分
We divide people by gender,

企业按属性分等等等等
and enterprises, by business, etc.

都属于划分事物的类型
and these are all examples of dividing according to characteristics.

第二 统计分组还可以
Secondly, statistical grouping can also

把事物的内部结构和发展规律
reflect the inner structure and law of development

反映出来
in things.

大家知道的恩格尔系数
The well-known Engel's Coefficient

就是通过统计分组
has used statistical grouping.

把我们的消费总量区分为食品
If we divide the total income into spending on food,

就是食 衣 住 行 烧
namely, food, clothing, housing, transportation and energy consumption,

文教娱乐及其它几大类
as well as culture, education, entertainment and other categories,

那你食品支出占总支出的比重
then, the proportion of income that you spent on food

就是恩格尔系数
is called Engel's Coefficient.

并且发现随着收入的提高
The study reveals that a rise in income

恩格尔系数会不断地下降
keeps lowering Engel's Coefficient.

那就是恩格尔定律
This is known as Engel's Law.

统计分组还能够反映
Statistical grouping also reflects

事物与事物之间的依存关系
the dependency among things.

在农业里面也可以发现例子
there are examples of the dependency in agriculture, too,

比如说施肥量与粮食产量
for example, between fertilizer sowing rate and grain yield.

在一定的范围内
To a limited extent,

它也存在着正相关关系
there exists a positive correlation.

这个都是统计分组
These are all research purposes

能够达到的目的
that are accomplished through statistical grouping.

统计分组的第二个问题
The second question in statistical grouping

就是统计分组的标志的选择
is the choice of character in classification.

它是统计分组的关键
It is a critical element in statistical grouping.

统计分组标志一经确定
Once the grouping character is determined,

那么这个标志下的差异
the variation compared with that character

将被体现出来
becomes manifest.

比如说 我们在人口普查里
Take population census for example,

把年龄作为分组标志
if age is used as a grouping character,

那我们就发现
we will discover

我们国家就是婴儿幼儿特别少
that the number of infants and young children is quite small in our country.

跟以前比
Compared to previous data,

我们现在老年人特别多
the portion of senior citizens has grown.

所以大家现在一直在呼吁
So, now people always say that

现在我们中国进入老年人社会
China has now entered an aging society.

这就是在分组标志选择了年龄这个标志
This is how the grouping character of age

那么它底下的差异就体现出来了
reflects variations under this category.

那分组标志有几类呢 有两类
How many types of classifications are there? There are two.

一类就是我们讲的品质标志
One is classification by qualitative character.

一类就是数量标志
The other is classification by numerical indication.

品质标志分组和数量标志分组
Both types of classification

它各有自己的难度或者是重点
has their own priorities or difficulties.

品质标志大家都觉得挺好分
Most of us take qualitative character for granted.

你看 人按性别分
Look, we can divide people by gender,

那就分成男 女
as male and female.

企业按属性分
and divide enterprises by ownership,

分成国有 集体 外资等等
as state-owned, collective-owned and foreign-funded.

那其实有些品质标志也挺难分
But sometimes the qualitative character is not easy to tell

比如说农产品和工业品
such as between agricultural products and industrial products.

有的时候就很难分
It is difficult to distinguish.

比如 我们讲一下
For example,we suppose that

在山上有一棵树
there is a tree growing on a mountain.

这时候它不属于社会产品
It is not a social product yet.

它属于自然资源
It belongs to natural resources.

但是 如果把它砍伐下来
Now, if the tree is cut down,

砍伐下来 它属于什么产品呢
what kind of product will it belong to?

我们一般认为呢
Generally, we assume,

现在有些人可能会认为是工业品
most people will think of it as an industrial product.

其实不是 它是林业产品
The truth is, however, it is a forestry product

是广义的农产品
which, in a broad sense, is a kind of agricultural product.

如果这个农民把这棵树伐回来以后
Suppose a farmer cuts down the tree and brings it home

拿到家里做椅子 做凳子 做床
to build chairs, stools, and beds.

而这时候形成的社会产品
Then these social products made of wood

它就属于工业品了
belong to industrial products.

就像我们城乡结合部
A similar case is rural-urban fringe area.

那怎么划分 是城市还是农村
How do we define such an area? Rural or urban?

那可能就按别的标准来分
At that point, some other character is introduced for classification.

按年龄分
Classification by age,

那就是按数量标志分
is based on numerical indication.

数量标志分 相对来讲
As for numerical indication, comparatively speaking

它就是确定组限比较麻烦
the most difficult part is to set the group limit.

比如说 育龄妇女生育率
For example, the total fertility rate

这是联合国要的一个指标
is an UN specified index.

育龄妇女的生育率
But what age should be set

你说按什么年龄
as universally agreeable childbearing age?

它各个国家都不相同
Different countries have their own standards.

像我们国家法定年龄
The legal age in China

是二十一岁或者多少岁结婚
for marriage is 21 or another.

就属于才可以生育
So is the childbearing age.

但是阿拉伯国家可能十岁
But the legal age for marriage in the Arab world

或者十一岁她就结婚
is 10 or 11.

那怎么办
What can we do?

联合国统一规定一个标准
UN has a global unified standard

十四岁
of 14.

就作为育龄妇女
So women from age 14 to 49

十四岁以上 四十九岁以下
are classified as in childbearing age.

作为育龄妇女年龄段的人
The classification of women in childbearing age

这是按数量标志分组
is based on numerical indication.