3.3 .1 Statistics chart: show the best partner for data 统计图表：展现数据最佳拍档在线视频

统计表里有各种形式
There are various kinds of statistical tables

但是作为一张统计表
They all have some important elements

它必须满足这几个要素
in common

从它的构成来看
In its formation

它有总标题
there must be a general title

有横行标题 有纵栏标题和数值
a transverse title, column headings and figures

四个要素
These four elements

构成一张完整的表
constitute a complete table

从它的表的内容来看
In its content

一张统计表 它必须有
a statistical table must have

主词和宾词
subject and predicable

主词 就是这张表
Subject is the population that

要说明的总体是什么
the table is trying to describe

比如说 我们国家
For example, in a statistical table about

公布的某个地区
three industries' GDP

三次产业GDP的有关情况
the information given

那这个总体就是这个地区
shows the population is a total unit

常住单位作为一个整体
made of permanent residents in this area

这是总体
This is the population total

三次产业是这个总体
And three industries

进行产业划分出来的组
is a unit divided based on business character

所以这个叫做主词
Therefore, this is referred to as subject

宾词 就说明主词
Predicable is used to describe subject,

也就说明总体的指标和数值
to show the indicators and values of the population

指标就是GDP具体数值
The indicators are specific figures of GDP

这是一张完整的统计表
This is a complete statistical table

统计表按它的划分
There are many ways to sort

它也可以分成好多表
statistical tables

在这里除掉形成统计表以外
Besides forming statistical tables

我们可以用统计表的资料
we can also use statistical data

进行统计图的绘制
to draw statistical charts

关于统计图的话
The early statistical charts

那个可以追溯到世界大战
can be traced back to World Wars

世界大战的时候
During World Wars

英军伤亡人数比较多
the casualties of the British army were high

那些人进行统计分析的时候
When they did statistical analysis

发现大部分
they found that most

不是战场上战死的
instead of being killed in the battle

主要是因为受伤以后
died from untreated injuries

护理不及时造成的伤亡
and infections that followed

这个是南丁格尔她就觉得
Nightingale proposed

应该在英军的护理方面
more attention should be paid to

多花一点力气
medical nursing in the British army

使他的士兵伤亡人数
to help minimize the number

减到最低
of casualties

南丁格尔觉得
Nightingale thought

写统计分析报告
it was too strenuous

把这种事实告诉他们
to write statistical analysis report to inform

海军长官和陆军长官的话
navy officials and army leaders

太费劲了
of this fact

当然她带的是一种嘲讽的口气
She was sure sarcastic

来对那些当官的讲的那些话
to mock the army chief

她觉得我要用一种
She thought about how to

更直观的方式
in a more visually appealing manner

把这个事实告诉他们
tell them the truth

所以南丁格尔就制作了
Nightingale drew many statistical charts

统计的饼图 直方图 累计图等等
such as pie chart, histogram, and cumulative graph etc.

所以统计图是南丁格尔
So it was Nightingale who

首先使用的
invented statistical charts

而统计图它可以
Statistical charts can arrange

首先你用那些资料
the data you have collected

可以制成饼图
in the form of a pie

就把全部总体画成一个饼
You can think of the whole thing as a pie

就一个圆
in the form of the circle

把每一组进行切割
and then divide the pie

分成各个散状块
into bulk blocks

这就是统计饼图
This is a statistical pie chart

大家可以看看这上面的图形
Please look at this graph

同样你也可以用我们的统计数列
Similarly, you can rely on statistical series

来画那个直方图
to draw a histogram

直方图画出来以后
As the histogram shows

像我们大部分的情况
in most cases

都属于钟形分布
the data is in a bell-shaped distribution

比如人的身高 人的智商等等
Data, like body heights, IQ

比如说考试
and the test scores

学生的考试成绩
from an exam

都属于钟形图
are all bell-shaped distribution

你也可以画成折线图
You can also draw a line chart

折线的看起来
Line chart is not as conspicuous

就没有那个直方图好看
as histogram

但是它画出来更平滑一点
but it is smooth

但是如果要更平滑
If you want to be smoother

那就是曲线图
you can use curve diagram

那就是像比如刚才讲的
The data we just mentioned, such as

身高 智商 考试成绩
body heights, IQ, and test scores

它画出来的曲线图
can be explained by curve diagrams

就像一面钟一样的
whose line resembles the shape of a bell

中国的一个钟一样的
a Chinese bell

所以我们叫做钟形图
and we call it bell curve

当然还可以用那些资料
Of course, you can use these data

统计资料来进行累计
the statistical data, for accumulative purposes

叫累计图
called cumulative graph

就是每一组的资料
Data in each individual unit

有向上累计 有向下累计
in cumulative up or cumulative down

就能形成累计图
form cumulative graphs

大家看看
Let us look at

资料上的那些图形
all these charts in our learning material

在前一讲中我们看到了
In our last lecture, we collected

二妞对她们班上的考试成绩
test scores from Er Niu’s class

进行了分组
and grouped them

形成了组距式数列
into class interval distribution series

那么进一步我们就可以根据
So now we can draw

每一组的次数或者频率
a frequency distribution table

形成频数分布表
based on number of times or frequency of each group

我们以二妞班上
We can use the Statistics score tests

这次统计学考试成绩为例
from Er Niu’s class to draw

来进行饼图 直方图
a pie chart, a histogram

和累计频数图的绘制
and a cumulative frequency diagram

首先我们打开Excel软件
First, open the Excel software

将全班50名同学的
to write the test scores of 50 students

考试成绩数据写入A列中
in the class into column A

其次我们将原始成绩数据
Then we rearrange the original data of scores

进行整理形成频数分布
to form a frequency distribution

在Excel中有一个很简便的
It is convenient to use Excel

实现频数分布的功能
for its built-in function to form frequency distribution

根据A列中的原始数据
According to the original data in column A

我们可以将每一组的上限
we can determine the upper limit

定义出来
of each group

大家可以看一下我的操作过程
I will show you the operation process

在第一个接收区域
In the first receiving region

我们可以将每一组的上限值
we can enter the upper limit

输入进去
of each unit

这里要注意的是
We must keep in mind

根据上组限不在内原则
the principle to exclude the upper limit

我们这里每一组
The upper limit of each unit

所定义的上组限分别为
we have set here is

59.99 69.99 79.99
59.99 69.99 79.99

89.99和99.99
89.99 and 99.99.

也就是说60 70 80 90 100
That is to say, 60 70 80 90 and 100

都不应该包含在上限所在的组内
should not be included into the unit where they are the upper limit

确定好接收区以后
After defining the receiving region

下一步我们就要找到
next, we need to find

菜单栏下的数据的分析功能
the feature of data analysis under the menu bar

将其打开
Open it

好 同学们现在可以看到
ok, now you can see

在数据分析模块下
there are many analysis tools

有很多种分析工具
in data analysis module

我们在这里选择
We shall choose

直方图功能 点击确定
Histogram, Click OK

打开直方图模块
to open histogram module

首先我们要确定其输入区域
First, we need to define its input section

也就是将A列下的
by box selecting

50名同学的原始成绩数据
the original data of scores of 50 students

框选进去
in column A

其次将每一个组的上限值
Then, select the class upper limit

选进接收区域
into the receiving region

最后我们假定I1为其输出区域
At last, we assume I1 as output area

点击确定我们可以看到
Click Ok and we can see

在Excel软件下的
in Excel software

I区域和J区域已经基本呈现出
area I and area J have already taken on

它大致的频数分布
an approximate frequency distribution

但是我们需要进行
But we still need to

一定程度的手动修改
make some modifications manually

将接收区域下的值
of the values in receiving regions

修改为组距数列
to form a class interval series

然后再进行自动求和
Then add values using AutoSum

好 这样一个完整的频数分布表
Ok, here, our complete frequency distribution table

就已经显示出来了
has been displayed

接下来我们就可以
Next, we will

利用频数分布表里面的数据
use the data in frequency distribution table

来绘制饼图
to draw a pie chart

首先选好原始数据
First, select original data

然后点击菜单栏下的插入饼图功能
then, click Insert a Pie Chart Feature under the menu bar

大家可以看到
As you can see

饼图功能下有
there are 2D pie chart and 3D pie chart

二维饼图和三维饼图
in Pie Chart Feature

在实际过程中
In your practice

你们可以根据你们的需要
you can choose appropriate type of pie chart

选择相应的饼图
to your request

在我们这里
Here

我们假设选择
suppose we choose

分离型的三维饼图
exploded 3D pie chart

好 现在基本的饼图
Now the elementary pie chart

已经呈现出来了
has shown

下一步我们就要给这个
Next, we need to

饼图上的每一部分进行赋值
assign value to each part of pie chart

通过点击这个功能键
By clicking Feature

我们可以看到
we can see

现在饼图上的每一个部分
the upper limit and lower limit

都呈现出了每一个部分的
of each part in the pie chart

上限 下限
displayed

以及它的相对频率
together with its relative frequency

一般为了美观
For best-viewing effect

我们将饼图上的数据
we will adjust the data on the pie chart

把它拉到旁边来
dragging the figures to the side

这样一张漂亮的饼图
Now, this pie chart of best viewing effect

就制作完成了
has been completed

如果是进行直方图的绘制
If you need to draw a histogram

我推荐大家使用另一个软件
I recommend you use another software

即spass软件
SPASS

使用spass软件
The SPASS software

所绘制的直方图
can help us draw neat

它更加的美观
histograms

同时操作起来也更加的方便
with easy-to-use operations

好 我们现在可以看到
Now, let us look at the two lists of data

屏幕的左上角显示了两列数据
displayed in the upper-left corner of the screen

这两列数据所形成的
These two lists show

就是我们之前所看到的
the frequency distribution

频数分布
we saw earlier

但是如果我们再仔细观察
But if we take closer look at

成绩这一列所显示的数据
the data in the column of Score

我们就会发现
we will discover

它和我们之前的组距式数列
it is different from the previous

是不同的
class interval distribution series

也就是它显示的是单项式数列
The series it displays is single-valued

但是这一单项式数列
But the single-valued distribution series

实际上它对应的
in fact, corresponds with

又是我们之前组距式数列的组中值
the previous class mid-point of the class interval distribution series

下一步 我们就要利用这两列数据
Next, we will use these two lists of data

来进行直方图的绘制
to draw a histogram

使用spss软件
using SPASS software

进行直方图的绘制
To draw a histogram

首先要对个案进行加权处理
we should first weigh the case

在我们这里
Now

实际上就是对每一组的
we are going to define the weight

成绩数据进行权数的确定
of data of scores in each group

我们找到菜单栏上的数据功能
We find the data function in menu bar

点击加权个案
click Weigh the Case

我们可以看到
we can see

屏幕上显示出了
the module of weighing the case

加权个案的模块
displayed on the screen

我们将模块下的频数
We import the frequency in the module

导入到右侧的频数变量中
into the frequency variables on the right

点击确定
and click Ok

下面我们就可以进行
Now we can continue to

直方图的绘制了
draw a histogram

找到菜单栏上的分析功能
Find Analysis Function in menu bar

点击描述统计
click Descriptive Statistics

再选择频率
select Frequency

好 现在我们看到屏幕上
Ok, we can see, on the screen

显示的是频率模块
the frequency module

成绩和频数都在左侧框中
with scores and frequency in the left box

我们点击成绩
We click Scores

将其导入到右侧框中
and import the data into the right box

再点击绘图 直方图
and then click Chart Histogram

点击确定
click Ok

现在我们在输出窗口中
Now we can find, in Output Window

可以找到已经绘制出来的直方图
the histogram that has been drawn

大家可以很清楚的看到
We can see clearly

在直方图的横坐标上
on the abscissa of the histogram

显示的是我们成绩的数据
are the test scores

而直方图的纵坐标上
and in the axis of ordinates of the histogram

显示的是它相对应的频数
are corresponding frequencies

而在直方图的右侧显示的是
On the right side of the histogram display

二妞班上的平均成绩
the GPA of Er Niu’s class

以及它的标准差
and its standard deviation

和参加考试的总人数
and the total number of test takers

现在直方图已经绘制好了
Now the histogram is complete

接下来我们还可以
then, we can

在直方图的基础上
based on this histogram

来添加正态曲线
add a normal curve

还是点击分析 描述统计 频率
and buttons of Click Analysis, Descriptive Statistics, and Frequency

再点击绘图
Click Chart again

找到直方图的功能项
find Histogram Function

在直方图的功能下项
there is another function

我们看到了还有一个功能
under the Histogram Function

是显示正态曲线
of Display Normal Curve

点击继续确定
Click Continue

那我们可以看到
then we can see

在输出窗口中
in the output window

除了刚才我们所看到的
beside the histogram

直方图以外
we saw before

在直方图的上方
there is a bell curve

还显示出了一条钟形曲线
on top of the histogram

也就是正态曲线
or a normal curve

以帮助我们更好的观察
to help us better observe

二妞班上这次考试成绩的分布情况
the distribution of test scores in Er Niu’s class

下面我们再来介绍一下
Now I will introduce to you

累计频数分布图的绘制方法
the way to draw cumulative frequency distribution diagram

首先我们要确定
First, we need to determine

向上累计频数和向下累计频数
upward cumulative frequency and downward cumulative frequency

向上累计频数也称为较小制累计
also known as cumulative frequency table on “less-than” basis

也就是从较小的频数
meaning to start from a frequency

逐步累加为较大的频数
less than the frequency that follows

而向下累计正好相反
Downward cumulative frequency is the other around

确定好了这两列数据之后
After the two lists of data is defined

下一步
then

我们就要分别在
we enter these data

K列和M列下插入数据
into column K and M

那么这两列是做什么用的呢
What do these columns do

根据我们之前对向上累计频数
According to our understanding of

和向下累计频数定义的解释
upward cumulative frequency and downward cumulative frequency

向上累计频数代表的是
upward cumulative frequency describes

本组上限以下的累计次数
the number of times below the class upper limit

而向下累计频数代表的是
while downward cumulative frequency describes

本组下限以上的累计次数
the number of times above the class lower limit

因此我们在K列和M列下
Therefore, we enter the class upper limit

分别添加本组上限
and the class lower limit

和本组下限的数值
into column K and M

那么它们分别代表什么含义呢
So what does these values represent

举例来说本组上限70
Suppose the class upper limit is 70

所对应的向上累计为23
its corresponding upward cumulative is 23

它表示的是70分以下的人
meaning there are 23 persons

总共有23个
whose scores are below 70

而本组下限60
And suppose the class lower limit is 60

所对应的向下累计48
its corresponding downward cumulative is 23

它表示60分以上的人
meaning there are 48 persons

总共有48个
whose scores are above 60

准备好了这些信息以后
After entering this information

接下来我们就可以进行
we can continue to

累计频数分布图的绘制
draw a cumulative frequency distribution diagram

首先我们进行向上累计
First, we draw the cumulative frequency distribution diagram

频数分布图的绘制
of cumulative up

我们只需要点击
Just click Insert

插入下的折线图
and select Line Chart

大家可以看到
We can see

折线图下有很多不同的选项
there are many options under Line Chart

在这里我们选择其中的一个
And we select this one

二维折线图
2D Line Chart

然后我们可以看到
We will see

在屏幕上显示出了一个
a white chart area

白色的图表区
displayed on the screen

选中图表区点击右键
Select the chart area and right-click

然后选择数据
Select Data

现在我们看到
Now we can see

有一个选择数据原模块
a Select Data Module

出现在屏幕上
on the screen

我们点击添加按钮
Click Add Button

出现了编辑数据系列窗口
to display Data Editor

这个时候
Then

根据我们做图的需要
According to our needs

在系列名称上
we select from the series names

我们选中向上累计
Cumulative Up

在下面对应的系列值上
and from the corresponding series of values

我们选中向上累计下
we select Corresponding Specific Value

所对应的具体数值
under Cumulative Up

点击确定
Click Ok

这个时候在图表区
Now, the chart area

已经显示出了
has shown the approximate

大致的向上累计的频数分布图
upward cumulative frequency distribution chart

但是下面的横轴
But the abscissa below

还不是我们对应的本组上限
has not become the corresponding class upper limit

因此我们要进行一定程度的修改
We need to make some modifications

在选择数据原模块下
Under Select Data Module

我们看到了有一个栏目
we can see a section

叫做水平轴标签
called Horizontal Axis Label

在水平轴标签下
Under the Horizontal Axis Label

我们进行编辑
we can edit

将本组上限值输入
by entering the class upper limit

好 现在我们可以看到
Now, we can see

在这张图上的横坐标
the Horizontal Axis of this chart

已经变为了我们的本组上限值
has become the class upper limit

同时我们还可以
At the same time, we can

对上面的向上累计的文字进行修改
modify the text Cumulative Up above

好 到这里
Ok, by this time

向上累计频数分布图
the upward cumulative frequency distribution diagram

已经完整的呈现出来
has been completed

同样的我们可以用
Similarly, we can use

刚刚一样的方法进行
the same method

向下累计频数分布图的绘制
to draw a downward cumulative frequency distribution diagram

到这里我们就完成了
Here, we have finished drawing

向上累计频数分布图
upward cumulative frequency distribution diagram

和向下累计频数分布图的绘制
and downward cumulative frequency distribution diagram

我们可以把社会经济现象
We can sum up the distribution

那所有的那些分布
the distribution series

数列分布归纳为这几种图形
of social economic phenomena into several charts

一 钟形图
Firstly, the bell-shaped distribution

就是中间峰值比较高
with the top of the bell representing its mean

两边比较低
downward-sloping curves on each side

也就是说大部分靠近中间这水平
show most of the values distribute around the mean

第二是U形图
Secondly U-shaped distribution

U形图中部的那个次数比较少
The curve at the bottom represents the lowest frequency

就中等水平比较少
meaning the frequency of the medium

而低的水平和高的水平
is lower than it of the minimum

次数比较多
and maximum

这个跟什么像
This resembles

比如说我们人的死亡率
the mortality rates

一般幼儿 婴儿的死亡率高
Usually death rates among infants and babies

老年的死亡率高
and among the elderly are higher

而中年人死亡率低
than among the middle-aged

它是U形图
This is U-shaped chart

再一个是J形图
Then there is J-shaped distribution

J形图 有正J形图
There are J chart

还有反J形图
and inverted J chart

学过经济学的话
If you know something about economics

供求曲线就属于J形图
you know supply and demand curve is a J chart

你像供给价格越高
The higher the price is

它供应量就越多
the more sufficient, the supply

所以它是正J形
So it is J-shaped

而需求呢
And demand

就是价格越低需求量越高
the lower the price is, the higher the demand

它是反J形图
It is inverted J-shaped

所以统计分组出来的资料
Consequently, we can draw statistical charts

可以进行我们的统计图的绘制
based on data from statistical grouping

统计图对于初学的人来讲
Statistical charts, for beginner of this subject

比较直观
create an intuitive understanding