5.2.2 Example of Team Cooperation在线视频

我们接下来来讲一个案例
Let's talk about a case

就是团队合作案例
which is the case of teamwork

团队合作是科研的又一关键点
Teamwork is another key point of scientific research

团队合作包括内外两部分
Teamwork includes both internal and external parts

内部分工合作
and internal part of the work cooperation

要各自做好擅长的一面
each should do a good job

在外部要善于借助其他人的研究成果
To be good at using the research results of others from the outside

我们来看一下DNA双螺旋结构的发现
let's take a look at the discovery process of the DNA double helix structure

dna双螺旋结构
The DNA double helix structure

是分子生物学的一个里程碑突破
is a milestone breakthrough in molecular biology

他是1953年由沃森和克里克发现的
and was discovered by Watson and Crick in 1953

沃森生物学基础扎实
Watson ’s biology is solid

训练有素
and well-trained

克里克具有物理学优势
and Creek has physics advantages

又不受传统生物学观念束缚
Without being bound by traditional biological ideas

常以一种全新的视角来思考问题
they often think about issues from a new perspective

这就使得他们在内部形成了优势互补的研究小团队
This allows them to form a small research team with complementary advantages internally

而在外部他们充分吸收和借鉴
while they fully absorb and learn from the outside

当时也在研究DNA分子结构的刨林威尔金斯
Planlin Wilkins, who was also studying the molecular structure of DNA at that time

而弗兰克林等人的成果
borrowed from the results of Franklin and others

他们没有亲自做实验
Instead of doing experiments in person

而是利用其他研究小组的数据来构建 DNA模型
they used data from other research groups to construct DNA

那么其中关键一步是看到1952年弗兰克林DNA x衍射线照片
The key step is to see the DNA x-ray photo of Franklin in 1952

弗兰克林在法国学习了x射线衍射技术
Franklin studied x-ray diffraction technology in France

他通过从非常浓而粘稠的 DNA
he passed from very thick and sticky DNA

农业用针挑出 DNA
using a needle to pick up DNA in the solution

那么拉成纤维状
and pull it into a fibrous shape

这使得一大树DNA分子并肩整齐排列
this makes a large bundle of DNA molecules aligned side by side

那么自束纤维就足以向晶体那样产生可分析、阐述 x射线衍射
and the self-bundled fiber is enough to produce an analytically elaborate x-ray diffraction like a crystal

在下面的照片中
In the photo below

我们可以看到衍射图
we can see the diffraction pattern

非常的简单
which is a series of very simple points

是一系列的点排成的x形状，表明 DNA结构本身一定非常简单
The x shape lined up indicates that the DNA structure itself must be very simple

由于边a分之非常大
Since side a is very large

那么只有具备规则重复的结构
only with a regular repetitive structure.

我们才有可能获得简单的 x射线衍射照片
can we obtain simple x-ray diffraction pictures

因此沃森和克里克
Therefore, Watson and Creek

通过这个照片不仅确认了 DNA一定是螺旋结构
not only confirmed that the DNA must be a helix structure

而且分析得出了螺旋参数
but also analyzed the helix parameters

他们采用了富兰克林和威尔金斯的判断
They used Franklin and Wilkins' judgment

并加以补充
and added that

认为磷酸根在螺旋的外侧构成两条多核苷方面的方向是相反的
the direction of phosphate on the outside of the helix constitutes two polynucleosides in the opposite direction

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碱基在螺旋内侧两两对应
The bases correspond to each other inside the helix

那么通过他们就完成了 DNA结构的结构
and through them, the DNA structure is completed.

那么可以说同一领域的研究同行
It can be said that the research peers in the same field

如同在一个松散的团队中
are as if they are in a loose team

因此我们要主动利用这种潜在或隐含的团队合作方式
so we should take the initiative to use this potential or implicit teamwork

开拓我们视野和激发思维
to expand our horizons and stimulate thinking

驱动科研的另外一个动力就是工程需求
Another driving force for scientific research is engineering demand

那么工程需求会促使我们寻找新方法和提炼
Engineering demand will prompt us to find new methods and refine scientific problems

科学问题同时又能让我们直接看到科研对社会的促进作用
while allowing us to directly see the role of scientific research in promoting society

在这里
Here

我将结合我们在美国堪萨斯大学所做的非侵入式偏振模色散测量方法这一个案例来进行介绍
I will introduce the case of the non-invasive polarization mode dispersion measurement method we made at the University of Kansas

我们知道光通信网络需要支持传输视频音频和数据
We know that the optical communication network needs to support the transmission of video

这是海量数据传输的需求，也就对光纤传输速率和质量都提出了要求
audio and data, which is a huge amount of data，the demand for massive data transmission also puts forward requirements on the fiber transmission rate and quality

因此
Therefore

光传输网络管理就需要我们获取准确的光纤链路参数来进行保障
the management of the optical transmission network requires us to obtain accurate fiber link parameters to ensure

在光纤中有多种机制
There are many mechanisms in optical fiber

都会影响到我们的传输质量
that affect transmission quality

偏振模色散
and polarization mode dispersion

其中一种
is one of them

那么我们通常简称为 pmd
We usually abbreviate it as pmd

把它想象成一个双折射晶体
and think of it as a birefringent crystal

那么它在相互垂直的快轴和慢轴上的折射力是
Its refractive power on the fast axis and the slow axis that are perpendicular to each other

不同的
are different

这就导致了这两个偏振方向的光速不同
This results in different speeds of light in both directions of polarization

我们可以看到这个图
We can see this picture

同时出发的一个脉冲
After a pulse that has been sent through a gear of fiber transmission at the same time

在经过一档光纤传输后
the pulses of the two polarization directions

两个偏振方向的脉通就走离分开
will go away

因此
Therefore

当我们采用强度探测的方式
when we use the intensity detection method

就发现脉冲展宽了
It is found that the pulse is widened

当变宽到一定程度
When it is widened to a certain extent

他就可能一味侵入到相邻的脉冲时间潮
it may invade the adjacent pulse time tide

导致我们读码错误
and cause us to read the code incorrectly

也就产生码间干扰
which will cause inter-code interference

使我们不能恢复出原始的输入数据
and prevent us from recovering the original

产生数据传输错误
input data Data transmission error

那么要解决这个问题
Therefore, to solve this problem

我们就要控制脉冲的走离程度
we must control the degree of deviation of the pulse

我们首先就要建立模型去分析它
we must first establish a model to analyze it

我们要分析光纤偏振演化模型
To analyze the fiber polarization evolution model

那么它的一个数学描述就是偏振赌态模型
one of its mathematical descriptions is the polarization state model

偏振态的快轴和慢轴的实验
The experiments of the fast axis and the slow axis of the polarization state

我们称为他分群实验
are called other group experiments

也即我们可以看到光纤电路可以等效为有很多个延迟相等
That is, we can see that the fiber circuit can be equivalent to many Delays are equal

但慢轴方位
However, the azimuth of the slow axis

随机分布
is randomly distributed and consists of paddles

且随时间变化的拨片构成
that change with time

因此总体的差分情实验需要根据统计学去计算
so the overall difference experiment needs to be calculated according to statistics

它应该遵循麦克斯韦两分布
It should follow Maxwell's two distributions

那么利用慢轴方向和差分情时延数值大小
Using the direction of the slow axis and the magnitude of the differential delay time

我们就可以定义构建pm的向量
we can define the vector that constructs pm

当我们固定输入偏振态的时候就发现改变输入光的光屏
When we fix the input polarization state

在邦伽球上的输入偏振态
we find that the light screen that changes the input light

就会围绕pmd向量进行一个旋转
the input polarization state on the Banjia sphere

那么光纤 pmd设善控制
will be performed a rotation around the PMD vector

就变成在于求取pmd向量
then the fiber PMD dispersion control becomes to find the PMD vector

那么传统的测量方法
Then the traditional measurement method

正是利用数学模型中展示出来的
is exactly shown in the mathematical model

就是围绕pmc向量这样的一个旋转特性
which is based on a rotation characteristic of the pmc vector

那么我们通过测量
We determine the low-level point of our time-saving value

在垂直pmd向量平面的这样的一个旋转夹角
by measuring such a rotation

Δθ来确定我们的省时值低级点
angle Δθ in the vertical pmd vector plane

然后我们通过连续测量大量的时间的测试结果来计算统计 pmd的大小
Then, we calculate the size of statistical pmd by continuously measuring the test results of a large amount of time.

那么具体的实现方式
Specific implementations include

包括重塑计算、邦伽球分析和米勒计算法
remodeling calculations、Bangjia ball analysis and Miller calculation methods

但是这些方法也存在一些缺点
But these methods also have some shortcomings

就是说你需要控制输入偏振态
that is, they need to control the input polarization state

需要从光纤两端进行接入
they need to be accessed from both ends of the fiber

需要对输入和输出进行同步
and they need to synchronize the input and output

那么最为关键的是不能用于正在进行正常商业
The most important thing is that they cannot be used in systems that are undergoing normal commercial data transmission

数据传输的系统

而我们当时要面对的工程测试需求
The engineering test needs to be faced at that time were

要克服最后一个问题
to overcome the last problem

那么后面一小节
In the following section

我们将阐述我们是如何对这个问题进行思考解决的
we will explain how we think about this problem