第1讲 “心的科学”—什么是心理学？在线视频

先问你几个问题
Let me ask you some questions

第一 你听说过心理学吗
First, have you heard of psychology?

听说过
yes I have

听说过
yes I have

听说过
yes I have

听说过心理学
I have heard of psychology

听说过
yes I have

听说过
yes I have

听说过
yes I have

我一直都对心理学特别感兴趣
I've always been very interested in psychology

看来确实有很多同学都听说过心理学
It's true that many students have heard of psychology

第二个问题
The second question

你能说出一个心理学家的名字吗
can you name a psychologist?

弗洛伊德
Freud

弗洛伊德
Freud

弗洛伊德
Freud

马斯洛
Maslow

罗杰斯
Rogers

弗洛伊德应该是
Maybe Sigmund Freud

然后还有可能巴普洛夫
and maybe Pavlov

他的那个巴普洛夫的狗比较有名
Pavlov’s dog is famous

应该也是心理学家
He should also be a psychologist

弗洛伊德吧
Freud

听说过弗洛伊德的
I've heard about Freud's

梦的解析
The Interpretation of Dreams

大部分同学能说出的
The first psychologist

第一个心理学家的名字
most students could name

是弗洛伊德
is Freud

也有的同学提到马斯洛或者罗杰斯
while others mentioned Maslow or Rogers

第三个问题
The third question

你认为心理学是研究什么问题的
What do you think psychology is about?

我觉得心理学好像就是研究
I think psychology is about studying

那些像我们经常知道的那些催眠
some questions as we all know, like hypnosis

包括有一些心理有疾病的人吧 会去研究
people with mental illness

心理学可能研究人
Psychology may study people's

一些关于心理方面的疾病
mental diseases

然后还有可能
and some psychologists may

就像那种微表情观察大师
like the masters of micro-expression

可能通过你的面部表情
who may know what you are thinking

知道你心里在想什么
through your facial expressions

还有
Besides,

就是可能催眠呀什么的
it may focus on the study of hypnosis

帮助别人心理咨询
helping others with the psychological counseling

什么之类的
and so on

可能是解释梦境
（Psychology）may explain your dreams

或者研究他在想什么这样的问题
or study some questions like what people think

我觉的心理学应该会研究
I think psychology is to study

人的一些心理现象
some psychological phenomena of people

比如说你在想什么之类的
for example what people are thinking

然后可能还会研究精神疾病什么的
Besides, it may study mental illness or something

我认为心理学是研究人的个体的
I think psychology is to study various

一些心理问题的
mental problems of people

然后可以通过人类的一些微表情的变化
and through some changes in human micro-expressions

还有肢体语言
and body language

来判断出人的心理状态和变化
to judge people's mental state and change

通过了解一些同学的看法
By knowing about the views of some students

我们发现
we find that

很多同学心目中的心理学
the psychology in the minds of many students

都不是真正的心理学
is not real psychology

很多不了解心理学的人
Many people who don't know about psychology

都认为
think that

心理学家知道你正在想什么
psychologists know what you are thinking

当有人知道
When people find out that

我是学习心理学的
I'm a psychology major

就会非常警惕地问我
they ask me very vigilantly

你是不是知道我正在想什么
Do you know what I'm thinking?

我有时会开玩笑说
I sometimes joke and say

没错 我知道你在想什么
Yes, I know what you're thinking

我知道你正在担心
and I know that you're worrying

我会知道你正在想什么
that I might know what you're thinking

其实心理学家跟普通人差不多
Psychologists, like everyone else

并不能直接看穿你的内心
actually can't read your mind

尤其是你此时此刻的心理活动
Especially your mental activities at this moment

我们是看不透的
we can not see through

当然
Of course

心理学家可能会通过心理测验
psychologists may use psychological tests

了解你的智商
to know your IQ

了解你的人格特征
to know your personality characteristics

或者根据人类心理的一般规律
or tell you how likely it is that

告诉你
tell you

跟你相似的人有多大概率会取得成功
people like you will be successful

以及怎样才能
and how to improve the probability of a happy life

提高获得幸福生活的概率之类的
according to the general laws of human psychology

也就是说
That is to say

心理学会探究人的
psychology will explore people's

总体行为倾向
overall behavioral tendencies

发现人类
discover the

行为和心理的基本规律
fundamental laws of human behavior and mind

从而对人类行为或心理做出预测或控制
and thus predict or control human behavior or mind

也有些同学认为心理学是
Some students believe that psychology

研究星座
is the study of constellation

血型的
blood groups

认为人的出生日期
that there is a great relationship between

所对应的星座
the corresponding constellation

与人的性格有很大关系
of the date of birth and personality

也有人认为
and others believe that

人的血型
there is a great relationship

与性格有很大关系
between the blood groups and personality

其实
Actually

心理学并不关注星座
psychology does not pay attention to constellation

或者血型
or blood groups

星座 血型与我们的人格
The statement that constellation, blood groups

有关系这种说法
and our personality are related

在很大程度上是迷信
to a large extent, is superstition

当然 有很多同学说
Many students do say that

星座对人的行为的描述
the description of human behavior of the constellation

确实很准确啊
is indeed very accurate

这是一个很有意思的问题
This is a very interesting topic

老师 这是您要的文件
This is the document you want, sir

给您放这儿了
Here it is

好 放这儿吧
Well, put it here

老师 你是不是处女座的
Sir, are you a Virgo?

是啊 你怎么知道
Yeah, how do you know?

您看您的文件摞得这么整齐
You see your documents are so neatly stacked

办公室又这么干净
and your office is so clean

就很像处女座呀
This must be Virgo

其实我不是处女座的
Actually, I'm not a Virgo

那您是什么星座的
What constellation are you?

射手座的
I'm a Sagittarius

射手座
sincere

什么特点
What is the characteristic?

待人坦率 有很真诚
Sagittarius is frank

而且特别重视文化修养
and attaches great importance to cultural cultivation

您看您就老让我们看书
You see, you always let us read

跟你说吧
Let me tell you

其实我也不是射手座的
I'm not a Sagittarius either

那您是哪个星座的
What constellation are you?

我也搞不清
I don't know

因为我不关注这个
because I don't care

那您的生日是哪天
What's your birthday then?

11月22号
November 22nd

要不你帮我查查
would you please help me check my constellation?

这个不用查
No need to check

11月22号是
November 22nd is

天蝎座
Scorpio

天蝎座沉着又冷静
Scorpio is calm and sober

您就好像天蝎座的
You are like Scorpio

应该就是天蝎座
maybe Scorpio

啊 不会吧
Ah, no

我三个都像啊
I'm like all three?

这三个星座竟然
These three constellations

are actually in line with me

都符合我
are actually in line with me

你说惊喜不惊喜呢
Is it a surprise?

但是 这个没有道理啊
But this doesn't make sense

从心理学的角度来说
From a psychological point of view

其实星座跟人的
constellation actually has

个性并没有关系
nothing to do with people's personality

那么 为什么看上去星座
So why do constellations seem to

对人的描述很准确呢
describe people so accurately?

这其实是一种心理学效应
This is actually a psychological effect

叫做巴纳姆效应
called the Barnum effect

你可以看一下下面这段话
You can read the following passage

如果用来描述你的话是不是准确
and see if it is accurate to describe you

你祈求受到他人喜爱
You want to be liked by others

却对自己吹毛求疵
but you are critical of yourself

虽然人格有些缺陷
Although there are shortcomings in your personality

大体而言你都有办法弥补
in general you have ways of fixing them

许多时候
Many times

你严重的质疑自己
you seriously question

是否做了对的事情
whether you are doing the right thing

或者做出了正确的决定
or making the right decision

你喜欢一定程度的变动
You like a certain amount of change

并在受限时感到不满
and resent being limited

你为自己是独立思想者自豪
You pride yourself on being an independent thinker

并且不会接受没有充分证据的言论
and don't accept things without good evidence

但你认为对他人
But you think it's unwise to be

过度坦率是不明智的
too frank with others

有些时候你外向
Some days you're outgoing

亲和 充满社会性
friendly, and social

有些时候你却内向
and other days you're introverted

谨慎而沉默
cautious and silent

你的一些抱负是不切实际的
Some of your ambitions are unrealistic

你觉得这段描述符合你吗
Does this description fit you?

1948年
In 1948

心理学家伯特伦•福勒
the psychologist Bertram Forer

用这段话作为实验材料
used this passage as experimental material

证明几乎所有的人
to prove that almost all people

都会觉得这段话非常符合自己
would find it very suitable for themselves

20世纪50年代
In the 1950s

一位心理学家
a psychologist

用著名的
named the effect

马戏之王菲尼亚斯•巴纳姆
the Barnum effect after the famous circus king

的名字命名了这种效应叫做巴纳姆效应
Phineas Barnum

意思是说 如果给你提供
It means that if you are provided with

一种笼统的 一般性的人格描述
a general personality description

你就会觉得这段描述
you will feel that the description

非常准确地揭示了你的人格特点
is very accurate to reveal your personality characteristics

即使这个描述的内容非常空洞
even if the content of the description is very empty

实际上
In fact

这些描述对所有人都是符合的
these descriptions are true for everyone

根据巴纳姆效应的规律
According to the law of Barnum effect

不管什么原因
if you fall into certain

把你归入某一类
categories for any reasons

你都会发现你非常符合
you will find that you are very consistent with

这一类别的一些特征
some of the characteristics of the category

星座 血型之类的说法之所以看上去很准确
The reason why the constellation and blood groups

就是因为巴纳姆效应
and the personality are related is the Barnum effect

现在看来 实际上
Now it seems that

心理学既不是专门研究
psychology actually does not study

某一个具体的人在想什么
what a specific person is thinking

一般也不涉及
nor does it generally study

星座 血型等
constellations, blood types, etc

那么心理学是研究什么的呢
So what does psychology study

心理学这个词是
The word “心理学”

日本人从英文
is translated by the Japanese

Psychology 翻译过来的
from the English word "Psychology"

这个单词由两个部分组成
which consists of two parts

其中 psyche 在希腊语中
The word "psyche"

表示 灵魂 或 心智
means "soul" or "mind" in Greek

需要注意的是
and it should be noted that

希腊人相信
the Greeks believed that

心灵不等于肉体
the mind was not equal to the body

并且是跟肉体脱离的
and was separated from the body

后缀 -ology
the suffix "-ology"

来源于希腊语的 logos
comes from the Greek "logos"

意思则是 合乎逻辑的陈述
which means "logical statement"

现在则表示对某一领域的研究
and now refers to the study of a certain field

所以psychology的字面意思是
"psychology" literally means

对心灵的研究
the study of the mind

那么心理学的正式定义是
The formal definition of psychology is

心理学是一门研究行为
Psychology is a science that studies behavior

和心理过程的科学
and the process of mind

这个定义可以从两个方面去理解
It can be understood from two aspects

第一 它的研究对象是行为
First, its research objects are behavior

和心理过程
and mental processes

第二 心理学是一门科学
Second, psychology is a science

我们首先看心理学的研究对象
Let's turn to the objects of psychological researches

心理学的研究对象
The objects of psychological researches

是行为和心理
are behavior and minds

既包括人的行为和心理也包括动物的行为和心理
including human behavior and minds, as well as animal behavior and minds

当然以人的行为和心理为主的
mainly human behavior and minds

研究动物的行为和心理
The study of animal behavior and minds

一方面
on the one hand

是为了
is mainly to

和人的行为和心理作比较
compare with human behavior and minds

从而更好地了解人类
so as to better understand human beings

另一方面
On the other hand

了解动物本身的行为
understanding the behavior

和心理规律
and psychological laws of animals

也有独特的科学价值
also has special scientific value

那么心理学所研究的行为和心理
So what are the main aspects of behavior

主要包括哪些方面呢
and minds that psychology studies?

心理学主要研究
Psychology mainly studies

意识 感觉 知觉
consciousness, sensation, perception

记忆 想象 思维
memory, imagination, thinking

问题解决 学习
problem solving, learning

情绪 动机 自我 人格
emotion, motivation, self, personality

情绪 动机 自我 人格
and influence of social situation

社会情境的影响
and influence of social situation

社会情境的影响

同时也会研究所有这些行为和心理
and also studies the development of these behaviors and minds

从婴儿到老年的发展历程
from infancy to old age

近几十年以来
In recent decades

心理学家也开始关注
psychologists began to pay attention

文化对心理的影响
to the influence of culture on mind

以及这些行为与心理的进化
And the evolutionary and physiological

和生物基础
bases of these behaviors and minds

需要特别说明的是
In particular

心理学家
psychologists are

非常关注
very concerned about the negative side

所有这些心理现象的负面表现
of all these psychological phenomena

比如焦虑 愤怒 抑郁
such as anxiety, anger

悲伤 刻板印象
depression, sadness, stereotypes

偏见 歧视 攻击
prejudice, discrimination, aggression

等等
and so on

另外
In addition

随着20世纪末积极心理学的兴起
with the rise of positive psychology at the end of the 20th century

审美 幸福 道德
aesthetics, happiness, morality

友谊等等
friendship and so on

也成为心理学研究的重要对象
have become important objects of psychological research

好 今天的内容就讲完了
OK, that's all for today

现在回顾一下主要内容
Now let's review the main contents

我们主要讲了
We mainly discuss that

心理学是一门研究行为和心理过程的科学
psychology is a science that studies behavior and mental processes

下次课我们会讲到
Next time we'll talk about

为什么心理学是一门科学
why psychology is a science

好 下次再见
Ok, see you next time