第26讲 行为的动力—动机及其来源在线视频

丘索维金娜是一位
Chusovitina is a gymnast

非常优秀的体操运动员
with outstanding achievements

她曾经参加了七届奥运会
having participated in seven Olympic Games

是参加奥运会次数
She is the athlete who takes part in

最多的运动员
the Olympic Games the most

2002年
In 2002

丘索维金娜的儿子
Chusovitina's eldest son

被诊断患上白血病
was diagnosed with leukaemia

需要高昂的费用
which required a high cost

从那以后
Since then

丘索维金娜的参赛理由
Chusovitina's reason for competing has become

就变成了挣钱
to earn money

为了儿子
For her son

丘索维金娜发展成
Chusovitina has developed into

全能型选手
an all-around player

为了能赢得更多奖金
In order to win more prizes

她经常参加全部女子项目的比赛
she often competes in all woman's events

不管是动物还是人类
For both animal and human

做某一件事总有一个原因
there's always a reason to do something

为什么很多人爱喝咖啡
Why do many people like coffee?

为什么我们都要寻找爱情
Why do we all look for love?

为什么有人喜欢帮助别人
Why do people like to help others?

心理学家用动机来解释这一切
Psychologists use motivation to explain all this

所谓动机就是由
Motivation is the internal psychological process

目标或对象所引导激发和维持的
or internal motive of individual activities guided

个体活动的内在心理过程或内部动力
stimulated and maintained by goals or objects

这种内部动力是从哪里来的呢
Where does this internal power come from?

不同的动机理论给出了不同的解释
Different motivational theories give different explanations

心理学家赫尔提出了一种理论
Psychologist Hull proposed a theory

认为行为是由驱力激发的
that behavior is motivated by drive

他认为
He believed that

生物体会寻求维持一种
organisms seek to maintain a state of

平衡状态或者动态平衡
balance or dynamic balance

如果不平衡
If it was not balanced

动物就会对生理需求做出反应
animals would respond to physiological needs

也就产生了驱力
and generate driving force

如果一只动物
If an animal did not eat

连续几个小时不吃东西
for several hours

就会导致不平衡或紧张状态
it would lead to imbalance or tension

从而唤起驱力
thus arousing drive

驱力反过来促使生物体
which in turn caused the organism

采取行动 消除紧张
to take action and eliminate tension

当驱力得到满足或消除
When the drive was satisfied or eliminated

动态平衡得到恢复
and the dynamic balance was restored

生物体就会停止行为
the organism would stop behaving

赫尔的理论能用来解释
Can Hull's theory be used to explain

所有行为的动力吗
the motive force of all behavior?

津巴多和同事
Zimbardo and his colleagues

做了一个实验
conducted an experiment

他们把被剥夺了食物的大鼠
in which they put rats deprived of food

放进一个迷宫
into a maze

迷宫里面有一个盛着食物的碗
with a bowl of food

根据驱力理论
According to the drive theory

如果大鼠处于饥饿状态
if the rats are hungry

应该会在第一时间吃东西
they should eat at the first time

但实际情况是
But the reality is that

大鼠并没有马上去吃东西
the rats did not immediately go to eat

来满足驱力 消除紧张
to satisfy the drive and eliminate the tension

而是首先探索迷宫
but first explored the maze

48小时或72小时不吃东西的大鼠
80% of the rats who did not eat for 48 hours or 72 hours

有80%会在前2分钟探索迷宫
would explore the maze in the first two minutes

只有20%选择首先吃东西
and only 20% chose to eat first

这说明
This suggests that

驱力似乎不是动物行为的原因
drive does not seem to be the cause of animal behavior

另外
In addition

驱力也不能解释很多其他的复杂行为
drive can't explain many other complex behaviors

例如有些人明明吃饱了
for example, some people are obviously full

还要吃很多东西
but eat a lot of food

有的人明明很饿
some people are obviously hungry

却拒绝吃东西等等
but refuse to eat

行为还受到诱因的影响
Behavior is also influenced by incentives

诱因指的是外部的刺激和奖赏
Incentive refers to external stimulus and reward

与内部的生理需要并没有直接关系
which is not directly related to internal physiological needs

我们为什么会整夜的
Why do we spend all night browsing

刷朋友圈 刷微博
on WeChat moments and microblogs

就是不好好睡觉呢
just not sleeping well

为什么明明观看恐怖片会引起焦虑
Why do we watch horror movies

我们还是要看呢
even it will cause anxiety?

为什么明明已经吃饱了
Why do we have so much junk food

我们还要吃那么多垃圾食品呢
even we are already full?

这实际上是环境中的诱因
This is actually the incentives in the environment

吸引着我们
that attracts us

让我们做出一定的行为
to make certain behaviors

生物有机体的行为
There may be another reason for the behavior

可能还有一个原因
of living organisms

就是本能
which is instinct

本能就像一个行为仓库
Instinct, like a behavioral storehouse

是动物遗传特征的一部分
is part of an animal's genetic characteristics

对物种的生存至关重要
and is essential to the survival of the species

机能主义心理学家
According to functional psychologist

威廉•詹姆斯认为
William James

尽管人类的本能
although human instinct had

没有固定的行为模式
no fixed behavior pattern

但人类比动物更加依赖本能行为
human beings relied more on instinct behavior than animals

比如
For example

他认为同情 谦虚
he believed that compassion, modesty

社交 爱等等
social interaction, love and so on

都属于与生俱来的本能
were all innate instincts

著名心理学家麦独孤也认为
McDougall, a famous psychologist, also believed

本能是人类行为的原因
that instinct was the cause of human behavior

用本能来解释人类行为
The idea of using instinct to explain human behavior

这种观点受到强烈的批评
has been strongly criticized

比如
For example

我们在第一章提到的行为主义者
the behaviorists we mentioned in the first chapter

他们认为本能理论就是在循环论证
thought that the theory of instinct was a circular argument

例如
For example

人类为什么有同情心呢
why do humans have compassion?

本能理论认为
According to instinct theory

这是因为人类具有同情的本能
this was because human beings had the instinct of sympathy

人类为什么有同情的本能呢
Why did human beings have the instinct of sympathy

本能理论认为
According to the theory of instinct

这是因为人类天生就有同情的行为
this was because human beings were naturally sympathetic

这就是循环论证
This was circular argument

循环论证的理论是没有说服力的
The theory of circular argument was not convincing

而行为主义心理学家认为
Behaviorism psychologists believed that

其实这些行为都是后天习得的
these behaviors were acquired

人本主义心理学家马斯洛
Maslow, a humanist psychologist

提出了一个需要层次理论
put forward a theory of hierarchy of needs

认为行为背后的动力
which held that the motive force

是我们天生的需要
behind behavior was our innate needs

他认为我们有五种层次的需要
He thought we had five levels of needs

最低的层次是生理需要
The lowest level of need is physiological need

包括食物 水 空气 睡眠 性的需要等
including food, water, air, sleep, sexual needs, etc

第二个层次是安全需要
The second level of need is safety need

表现为人们要求稳定 安全
which is manifested in people's demand for stability, safety

受到保护 有秩序 能免除恐惧和焦虑等
protection, order, freedom from fear and anxiety, etc

比如
For example

安定的职业 保险
stable occupation, insurance, etc

婴儿的安全需要非常强烈
The safety needs of babies are very strong

第三个层次是
The third level of need is

归属和爱的需要
the need of belongingness and love

表现为人们需要与别人
which shows that people need to establish emotional

建立感情联系
connection with others

结交朋友追求爱情
make friends, pursue love

参加社团并获得地位等等
participate in community and obtain status

第四个层次是尊重需要
The fourth level of need is esteem need

人们希望受到自己的尊重
People want to be respected by themselves

和来自别人的尊重
and others

第五个层次是自我实现的需要
The fifth level of need is the need for self actualization

表现为人们追求实现自己的
which means that people pursue to actualize their own

能力或潜能 并使之完善
ability or potential and make it perfect

人们自我实现的形式是不同的
People have different forms of self actualization

带孩子的妇女或当高官的妇女
Women with children or women in senior positions

都有机会完善自己的能力
have opportunities to improve their abilities

满足自我实现的需要
and meet the needs of self actualization

在这些需要中
Among these needs

需要的层次越低
the lower the level of need

力量就越强
the stronger the strength

潜力就越大
the greater the potential

一般来说
Generally speaking

低级需要要得到一定程度的满足
when the low-level needs is satisfied to a certain extent

才会产生高级需要
the high-level needs will appear

为了满足自己多种层次的需要
In order to meet the needs of various levels of their own

个体会发动行为
individuals will initiate behavior

从而产生行为动机
resulting in behavioral motivation

心理学家海德认为
According to psychologist Heider

个体倾向于对行为的结果进行归因
individuals tend to attribute the results of behavior

有人把行为的结果归因于
Some people attribute the results of behavior to

内在特质
intrinsic characteristics

比如缺乏努力或不够聪明
such as lack of effort or intelligence

有人把行为结果归因于情境因素
others attribute the results to situational factors

比如考试不公正或者老师有偏见
such as unfair examinations or biased teachers

归因方式会影响行为的选择
The way of attribution can affect the choice of behavior

比如
For example

如果认为考试分数低
if you think that the test score is low

是因为努力不够
because of insufficient effort

下次就有可能加倍努力
you may redouble your efforts next time

如果认为考试分数低
if you think that the test score is low

是因为考试不公正
;because of unfair examination

或者自己能力不足
or your lack of ability

可能就会放弃努力
you may give up your efforts

所以
Therefore

归因方式能影响人们的行为
attribution can affect people's behavior

发挥动机作用
and play a role of motivation

好 今天的内容讲完了
OK, that’s all for today

现在回顾一下主要内容
Let's review the main content

动机是行为的动力
Motivation is the motive force of behavior

有人认为动机来源于驱力
Some people think that motivation comes from drive

有人认为动机来源于诱因
some people think that motivation comes from Incentive

还有人认为动机来源于
and some people think that motivation comes from

本能 需要 期望和归因
instinct, need, expectation and attribution

另外 在附加学习材料中
In addition, in the additional learning materials

我们还准备了罗特尔的期望理论
we have prepared Rotter's expectation theory

大家可以去了解
which you can learn

下次课你将会了解到
Next time you will learn

我们为什么会感到饿
why we feel hungry

为什么会超重
why we are overweight

以及为什么减肥几乎不可能成功
and why it is almost impossible to lose weight successfully

好 下次再见
OK, See you next time