第20讲 永不消逝的信息—长时记忆在线视频

小时候的事情你还记得吗
Do you remember what happened when you were a child?

你所经历的事情能记多久呢
How long can you remember what you've been through?

有些事情我们已经忘了
There are some things we have forgotten

但也有一些事情我们永远都不会忘记
but there are also some things we will never forget

记忆中的信息保持的时间可能很长
Information in memory can be held for a long time

也可能很短
or a short time

心理学家按记忆保持的时间
Based on the time of memory maintaining

把记忆分成长时记忆
Psychologists divide memory into long-term memory

短时记忆和感觉记忆
short-term memory and sensory memory

下面我们首先看长时记忆
Let's first talk about long-term memory

在心理学对记忆的了解还不够深入之前
Before psychology know more about memory

我们通常所说的记忆其实主要是长时记忆
the memory that we usually talk about is mainly long-term memory

也就是保存时间1分钟以上
that is the memory that can be maintained for more than one minute

甚至终生不忘的记忆
or even for life

长时记忆保持的时间可以很长
Long-term memory can be maintained for a long time

有些鲜明的记忆终生都不会忘记
some distinct memories will not be forgotten for life

那么 我们到底能记住多少东西呢
So, how much can we remember?

不知道
We don’t know

但从来没有人因为记住的东西太多
No one can't remember anything new just

而记不住新的东西
because he has remembered too much

而是记住的知识越多
but the more knowledge he remembers

就越容易记住新的东西
the easier it is to remember new knowledge

可以说
It can be said that

长时记忆的容量没有限制
there is no limit to the capacity of long-term memory

长时记忆按记忆的内容
According to the content of memory, long-term memory

可以分为程序性记忆和陈述性记忆
can be divided into procedural memory and declarative memory

程序性记忆指如何做事情的记忆
Procedural memory refers to the memory of how to do things

包括对知觉技能 认知技能
including the memory of perceptual skills, cognitive skills

和运动技能的记忆
and motor skill

比如 如果你早就学会骑自行车了
For example, if you have learned how to ride a bicycle for a long time

现在让你描述一下怎样骑自行车
now let you describe how to ride a bicycle

你会发现
you will find that

描述怎样骑自行车并不容易
it is not easy to describe how to ride a bicycle

但是 如果让你演示一下如何骑自行车
but if you are asked demonstrate how to ride a bicycle

你就很容易做到
you can easily do it

因为这是关于如何做事情的记忆
because this is a memory about how to do things

也就是程序性记忆
that is, procedural memory

陈述性记忆是有关事实和事件的记忆
Declarative memory is the memory of facts and events

它可以通过语言传授而一次性获得
which can be acquired at one time through language teaching

比如 我们都不会忘记
For example, we will never forget that

中华人民共和国是1949年10月1日成立的
the people's Republic of China was founded on October 1, 1949

这就是陈述性记忆
This is declarative memory

所有记忆过程都包括编码
All memory processes include encoding

存储和提取的过程
storage, and retrieval

那么长时记忆的编码有什么特征呢
So what are the characteristics of long-term memory encoding?

心理学家发现
Psychologists have found that

信息在长时记忆中的
the main encoding form of information in long-term memory

主要编码形式是语义编码
was semantic encoding

通过语义编码
Through semantic encoding

我们把信息进行分类 组织
we classify and organize information to

形成概念和概念的结构
form concepts and the structure of concepts

而在编码过程中
In the process of encoding

如果带着一定的意图去编码
if you encode with a certain intention

效果就会更好
the encoding effect will be better

另外 在记忆过程中
In addition, in the process of memory

如果对信息进行了更深层次的加工
if the information is processed in a deeper level

编码的效果也会更好
the encoding effect will be better

那么我们如何使用存储
So how do we use information

在长时记忆中的信息呢
stored in long-term memory?

这就是信息提取
This is information retrieval

提取有两种形式 分别是再认和回忆
There are two forms of retrieval, recognition and recall

再认就是人们对感知过
Recognition is a mental process

思考过或体验过的事物
that when the things once perceived, thought or experienced

当再度呈现时
are presented again

仍然能认识的心理过程
they can still be recognized

比如 这张照片你觉得熟悉吗
For example, do you feel familiar with this picture?

如果你觉得熟悉 说明你能再认
If you feel familiar, you can recognize it again

这张照片你说是不是弗洛伊德
Is this Freud?

你如果说是 说明你能正确的再认
If you say yes, it means you can recognize

考试中遇到的选择题
Many of the multiple choice questions encountered in the examination

很多就属于再认
are about recognition

如果在编码的时候接受的信息不准确
Not accurately encoding of received information

没有区分相似的对象
no distinguishing for similar objects

或者情绪紧张 脑损伤 时间久远等等
or emotional stress, brain injury, long time, etc

会导致错误的再认
would cause false recognition

回忆是过去经历过的事物以形象或概念的形式
Recall is the process of reappearance of past experience

在人们的头脑中重新出现的过程
in people's mind in the form of image or concept

比如你还记得马斯洛的全名吗
For example, do you remember Maslow's full name?

如果你记得马斯洛的全名
If you remember Maslow's full name

说明你能回忆这个信息
that is to say you can recall that information

一般来说
Generally speaking

再认总是比回忆更容易一些
recognition is always easier than recall

这主要是因为 无论是再认还是回忆
This is mainly because both recognition and recall

都需要一定的提取线索
need certain clues

而再认过程中的线索更直接 更有用
and the clues in recognition process are more direct and useful

另外 信息提取有一个特点
In addition, one of the characteristics of information retrieval

就是编码特异性
is encoding specificity

也就是当信息编码
that is when the information encoding

与提取之间达到最好的匹配
and retrieval match the best

提取的效果就最好
the retrieval effect is the best

比如
For example

如果我们在某一个教室学习某种知识
If we learn some knowledge in a certain classroom

那么在同一个教室考试
and take the exam in the same classroom

提取的效果就达到最好
the retrieval effect will be the best

无论编码和提取如何匹配
No matter how the encoding and retrieval match

有时记忆内容就是不能保持
sometimes we can’t maintain the memory content

或者在提取时有困难
or it is difficult to retrieve

这就是遗忘
this is forgetting

艾宾浩斯最早用实验方法
Ebbinghaus was the first to use experimental methods to study

以自己为被试研究了人的记忆
human memory by taking himself as a subject

艾宾浩斯使用了两个工具
Ebbinghaus used two tools

第一个工具是无意义音节
The first tool was meaningless syllable

用两个辅音中间夹一个元音组成
which was composed of two consonants with a vowel between them

这就是两个无意义音节
These are two meaningless syllables

用无意义音节的目的
The purpose of using meaningless syllables

是尽量减少词汇的意义对记忆过程的影响
was to minimize the influence of word meaning on memory process

第二个工具是节省法
The second tool was saving method

比如 对于10个无意义音节
For example, to memorize 10 meaningless syllables

第一次进行机械记忆
at the first time of mechanical memory

连续读了20遍才达到全部正确回忆
the learner can recall all the syllables after 20 times of continuous reading

这20遍就是初学次数
which is the number of initial learning

过了一定的时间 比如1天
after a certain time, such as one day

第二次进行机械记忆
at the second time of mechanical memory

连读了15遍才达到全部正确回忆
the learner can recall all the syllables after 15 times of continuous reading

15遍就是重学次数
which is the number of repetition learning

用初学次数20减去重学次数15
Subtract 15 from 20, divide by 20

然后除以初学次数20 乘以100% 等于25%
multiplied by 100%, and it is 25%

这就是节省的百分比
This is the percentage of savings

代表学会了多少
which represents the amount of learning

也就是保持量
that is the amount of maintaining

艾宾浩斯以自己作为被试进行了大量实验
Ebbinghaus conducted a lot of experiments with himself

最后绘制了艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线
and drew the curve of forgetting

从这条曲线可以看出
It can be seen from the forgetting curve

无意义音节在刚开始时遗忘的速度很快
that the forgetting of meaningless syllables is very fast at the beginning

后来逐渐变慢
then gradually slow down

最后趋于不变
and finally tend to no longer change

如果记忆的是散文或着诗歌
If the memory material is prose or poetry

那么遗忘的速度会稍微慢一点
the speed of forgetting will be slightly slower

但总体的趋势
but the general trend

跟无意义音节的遗忘规律是相似的
is similar to the forgetting law of meaningless syllable

我们在附加学习材料中
in additional learning materials

还准备了“情景记忆和语义记忆”
We have also prepared "situational memory”

以及“遗忘的影响因素”等内容
and semantic memory" and "factors affecting forgetting"

大家可以去学习
which you can learn

好 今天的课就讲完了
OK, that’s all for today

现在回顾一下主要内容
Now let's review the main content

心理学家按记忆保持的时间
According to the time of memory maintaining

把记忆分成长时记忆
psychologists divide memory into long-term memory

短时记忆和感觉记忆
short-term memory and sensory memory

长时记忆保持的时间可以很长
The maintaining time of long-term memory can be very long

容量没有限制
and there is no limit to its capacity

按内容可以分为
According to the content, it can be divided into

程序性记忆和陈述性记忆
procedural memory and declarative memory

信息在长时记忆中的主要编码形式
The main encoding form of information in long-term memory

是语义编码
is semantic encoding

信息提取有再认和回忆两种形式
There are two forms of information retrieval: recognition and recall

艾宾浩斯使用无意义音节
Ebbinghaus used meaningless syllables

和节省法研究了遗忘
and saving method to study forgetting

绘制了艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线
drew Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

发现遗忘的速度是刚开始很快
and found that the forgetting speed was very fast at the beginning

后来逐渐变慢 最后趋于不变
then gradually slow down, and finally tend to no longer change

下次课我们将会讲到
In the next lecture, we will talk about

为什么有人并非故意 却因为回忆错误
why some people’s recall mistakes without intention

害自己的父亲进了监狱
let their father go to prison

好 下次再见
OK, See you next time