第37讲 千人千面—人格的概念和特征在线视频

2019年底开始
Since the end of 2019

全球爆发了新型冠状病毒疫情
A COVID-19 outbreak occurred in the world

面对突如其来的超级安全事件
In the face of sudden super security incidents

人们的反应是相同的呢 还是不同呢
are people's responses the same or different?

似乎大家的反应都是相似的
It seems that people's responses are similar

比如震惊 担心
such as shock and worry

但仔细考虑
However, by careful consideration

似乎大家又是不同的
it seems that people are different

有的人赶在武汉封城之前
Some people tried to leave Wuhan

想方设法离开武汉
before the city was blockaded

却把病毒扩散到全国各地
but spread the virus all over the country

有的人去做最美逆行者
some people were the most beautiful retrograde

毅然冲到
and resolutely rushed to

武汉抗击疫情的最前线
the forefront of fighting the epidemic in Wuhan

这反映了人与人在心理与行为上的差异
This reflects the mental and behavioral differences between people

而人格心理学关注的就是差异
and personality psychology focuses on the differences

中国的京剧用脸谱
Chinese Peking Opera uses mark-ups

来代表人物及其人格
to represent characters and their personalities

比如 这是关羽
For example, these are the mark-up of Guan Yu

曹操和包公的脸谱
Cao Cao and Bao Zheng

脸谱上的主色调
The main color on the mark-up

代表了重要的人格特征
represents important personality characteristics

比如关羽脸上的红色
such as the red color on Guan Yu's mark-up

代表忠诚 英勇
representing loyalty and bravery

曹操脸上的白色
the white color on Cao Cao's mark-up

代表阴险狡诈
representing insidious and cunning

包拯脸上的黑色
the black color on Bao Zheng's face

代表正直 无私 刚直不阿
representing integrity, selflessness and straightforwardness

在古希腊的戏剧表演中
In ancient Greek drama

演员会戴上一种叫persona的面具
actors would wear a mask called persona

来代表不同的人物
to represent different characters

以及这个人物的身份 心理和行为特征
and their identities, mental and behavioral characteristics

Persona这个词后来演变成
The word “persona” later evolved into

英语中的personality 也就是人格
“personality” in English

人格是什么意思呢
What does personality mean?

我们有时候说“高尚的人格”
Sometimes we say "noble personality"

其实指的是一个人的品德高尚
In fact, that means that a person has noble moral character

这里人格指的是品德
Personality here refers to moral character

有时还说“侮辱人格”
Sometimes we say "insulting personality"

主要是指败坏了一个人的名誉
mainly refers to the damage of a person's reputation

这里的人格 指的是名誉
Personality here refers to reputation

但是 心理学中所讲的人格
However, the personality in psychology

指的不是品德也不是名誉
refers not to moral character or reputation

而是构成一个人的思想
but to the unique integrated mode of one's thoughts

情感及行为的特有统合模式
emotions and behaviors

这个独特模式包含了一个人
which contains many stable and unified

区别于他人的稳定而统一的心理品质
mental characters different from others

所以 人格是某个人的心理与行为的模式
Therefore, personality is the mode of one's mind and behavior

这种模式相对于别人
which is different from others

它有区别 相对于自己 它稳定而且统一
stable and unified compared with oneself

我们先来了解人格的特征
Let's first talk about the characteristics of personality

人格具有四个特征
Personality has four characteristics

分别是独特性 稳定性 统合性和功能性
uniqueness, stability, integrity and functionality

人格的第一个特征是独特性
The first characteristic of personality is uniqueness

德国哲学家莱布尼茨说过
Leibniz, a German philosopher, once said

“世界上没有完全相同的两片树叶”
"there are no two identical maple leaves in the world"

我们每个人的人格也和树叶一样
Our personalities are the same as the leaves

没有任何两个人是完全相同的
and every people are different from another

中国有一个说法
There is a saying in China that

人心不同
There are as many different mentalities

各如其面
as there are different faces their owners each have

“心” 指的是心理特征
"mentalities", referring to mental characteristics

“面” 指的是脸
"faces", referring to surfaces

每个人的心理特征
Everyone's mental characteristics

都像人们的脸一样
are different from others

都是跟别人不一样的
just like people's faces

人格的第二个特征是稳定性
The second characteristic of personality is stability

指的是
It means that

人格的某些方面是相对比较稳定的
some aspects of personality are relatively stable

正如中国的老话说
As the old saying goes

“江山易改 秉性难移”
"A fox may grow gray, but never good"

指的是人的心理特征的稳定性
which refers to the stability of people's mental characteristics

比如
For example

我们结婚以前为什么要相互了解
why do we want to know each other before we get married?

因为我们相信
Because we believe that

了解了对方的过去和现在
if we know about someone’s past and present

就能预测他的未来
we will be able to predict his future

也就是说
that is to say

我们相信人格是比较稳定的
we believe that personality is relatively stable

当然 人格并非不能改变
Of course, personality is not unchangeable

而人格心理学也会关注
psychology will also focus on

人格的哪些方面可以改变
which aspects of personality can be changed and how to change.

以及如何改变
and personality

人格的第三个特征是统合性
The third characteristic of personality is integrity

就是我们心理的各种成分
that is, the various elements of our mind

是统合 一致的
are united and consistent

人的行为 情感
People's behaviors and emotions

总是大致上保持一致
are always in general consistent

如果不一致
If they are inconsistent

就会出现改变的动力
there will be a motivation for change

比如
For example

如果一个人认为吸烟
if a person thinks that smoking

对人的健康危害非常大
is very harmful to people's health

就不大可能坦然的吸烟
he is unlikely to smoke calmly

如果我今天真的很喜欢你
if I really like you today

过了一天又发自内心地讨厌你
and hate you from the bottom of my heart after a day

那肯定是发生了什么事
there must be something

导致我对你的看法发生了改变
that has changed my view of you

如果毫无理由的从喜欢你变成讨厌你
If there is no reason to change from liking you to hating you

肯定是我的心理出现了问题
there must be some wrong with my mind

人格的第四个特征是功能性
The fourth characteristic of personality is functionality

也就是说
that is to say

某些人格特征对我们做成某些事有用
some personality characteristics are useful for us to do something

所谓“性格决定命运”
The so-called "a man's own character shape his fortune"

“态度决定一切”
and "attitude is everything"

都是说我们的人格
mean that our personality

能让我们做到某些事
can decide that we can do something

或决定了我们做不到某些事
or that we can't do something

很多人容易混淆
Many people are easy to confuse

人格 性格 气质这几个概念
the concepts of personality, character and temperament

我们就结合人格的结构
Let's explain the relationship between these concepts

解释一下这几个概念之间的关系
in combination with the structure of personality

传统上
Traditionally

我们把人格分成三个部分
we divide personality into three parts

分别是气质 性格和自我
temperament, character and self

我们有时候说一个人“气质出众”
We sometimes say that a person has "outstanding temperament"

“很有气质” 这里的气质
and "very temperament".The temperament here

大概指的是人的衣着 举止
roughly refers to people's clothing, behavior

谈吐 神态 风度
conversation, manner, demeanor

以及由这些外在的表象
as well as the internal mental outlook

所表现出的内在的精神面貌
displayed by these external appearances

这是一个日常概念
which is a daily concept

而心理学中的气质
In psychology, temperament

指的是心理活动的动力特征
refers to the dynamic characteristics of mental activities

包括心理活动的速度 强度
including the speed, intensity, stability

稳定性 灵活性和指向性等方面
flexibility and directivity of mental activities

从不严格的意义上来说
In the sense of not being strict

气质类似于我们平时所说的脾气和秉性
temperament is similar to what we usually call disposition

心理学家认为
Psychologists believe that

人的气质是先天形成的
people's temperament is innate

由人的神经结构和机能决定
determined by their neural structure and function

所以非常稳定
so it is very stable

另外
In addition

气质没有道德价值和社会评价的内涵
temperament has no connotation of moral value and social evaluation

也就是我们不能说
that is we cannot say

哪种气质的人是好的或是坏的
which temperament is good or bad

性格是人们对现实
Character is people's attitude towards the reality

和周围世界的态度及相应的行为方式
and the surrounding world and their corresponding behavior

比如 对自己 我们苛刻
For example, to ourselves, we are harsh

对别人 我们接纳
to others, we are accepting

对劳动 我们喜欢
to labor, we like it

对金钱 我们洒脱 等等
to money, we are free and easy, and so on

都表现了我们的性格
All of these show our characters

性格的核心成分是价值观
The core component of character is values

可以用一般的社会道德标准进行评价
which can be evaluated by general social moral standards

当我们说一个人是好人的时候
When we say that a person is a good person

指的是他的性格好
we mean that he has a good character

或着价值观符合道德规范
or that his values conform to the moral standards

自我 指的是我们对自己的认识
Self refers to our cognition

体验和控制
experience and control of ourselves

自我包括三个方面

第一个方面是自我认知
The first aspect is self-cognition

15个月左右的孩子开始
Children about 15 months old begin to

能把自己作为认识的对象
regard themselves as objects of cognition

成年人对自己有系统的认识
Adults have a systematic understanding of themselves

但通常人们对自己的认识很不准确
but usually people's understanding of themselves is very inaccurate

最典型的是达克效应
The most typical phenomenon is the D-K effect

是说
which means that

能力较低的人更容易
people with lower ability are more likely to

高估自己的能力水平
overestimate their ability level

也无法客观评价他人的能力
and can not objectively evaluate the ability of others

我们在对自己进行评价的
We will also have emotional experience

基础上会产生情感体验
on the basis of self-evaluation

也就是自尊
that is self-esteem

比如
For example

为自己感到自豪感到自卑
being proud of yourself, feeling inferior, etc

另外
In addition

我们有时能主动控制自己的行为
sometimes we can take the initiative to control our own behaviors

比如 “明知山有虎 偏向虎山行”
such as "Take the bull by the horns"

这属于自我控制
which belongs to self-control

从理论上把可以人格
Theoretically, the personality can be divided into three parts

分为气质 性格和自我三部分
temperament, character and self

而不同的人在这三个方面都有差异
Different people are different in these three aspects

从而表现为各不相同的人格
so they have different personalities

好 今天的内容就讲完了
OK, that's all for today

现在回顾一下主要内容
Now let's review the main content

人格指的是一个人
Personality refers to the unique integrated mode of one's

思想 情感和行为的特有统合模式
Thoughts, emotions and behaviors

它有独特性 稳定性
which has four characteristics: uniqueness, stability

统合性和功能性这四个特征
integration and functionality

我们一般把人格分成
We generally divide personality into three parts

气质 性格和自我这三个部分
temperament, character and self

下次课我们会讲到
Next time we will talk about

怎样描述人与人之间的差异
how to describe the differences between people

好 下次再见
OK, see you next time